Molecular Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: MicroRNA Hypothesis

The discovery of micro RNA (miRNA) in 1993 by Ambros and colleagues has a huge influence in pathogenesis theory, diagnosis and treatment approach of some diseases. Some studies have conducted to seek the association alterations of miRNA expression to incidences and severity of preeclampsia (PE). We have reviewed some studies that conducted to seek the association of miRNA and PE and we discussed the role of various miRNAs in PE pathogenesis. In summary, we have shown that many researchers have given evident that the different placental and plasma miRNA expression is associated with PE. Some studies also identified the novel candidate of miRNAs (and their pathways) that may be of etiologic relevance in the pathogenesis of PE. Base on review, specific miRNA have a role to down regulate of anti apoptosis genes, regulate angiogenics growth factors such as angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) B (VEGF-β), cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), Placental growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF-A that have a role in angiogenesis. miRNA also have a role in survival, migration, and capillary tube formation of HUVEC by targeted of c-kit. Some miRNAs target genes that participate in immunologic dysfunction, cell adhesion, cell cycle, and signaling. miRNA also have a roles in endothelial cell response to hypoxia, cell differentiation, and survival. A miRNA influence calcium signaling through negative regulations of the calmodulin-coding mRNAs, Mef2a and Gata4, mainly in smooth muscle cells that contribute to PE pathogenesis. These investigations provide novel targets for further investigation of the pathogenesis of PE and these differential miRNAs may be potential markers for the diagnosis and provide a potential therapeutic target for PE. Further investigations on posttranscriptional regulation in PE to evaluate biologic effects of identified miRNAs (including confirmations of miRNA and target gene interactions) are neede

Cost-efficient polyurea carrier for precise control of an anti-inflammatory drug loading and release

International audienceIn this paper, we present a cost-efficient and reliable route to produce polyurea xerogel (PolyU) as a versatile carrier that provides a high drug loading and offers a tuning over diclofenac (DCF) release profile. A simple one -pot reaction of an amino-terminated-polyether-PEO and a crosslinker, hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer-HDI, allow us to obtain the polymeric networks. The gelation time during the sol-gel reactions (hydrolysis and condensation) can be modulated from minutes to hours by using acetone as solvent to achieve a decrease of reactivity between amine groups from PEO with isocyanate from HDI crosslinker. The interactions of PolyU networks and DCF drug was in depth evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and computational studies. Analysis performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have confirmed the inhibition of crystalline moities of PEO by drug interactions with the PEO chains. PolyU was investigated in cell toxicity studies, showing no significant cytotoxicity against the CHO-K1 cell line. Considering the abundance of raw materials and cost-efficient for polyurea preparation, this work clearly opens up high prospects and provides a solution for scaling up the fabrication of new functional devices (contact lenses, patches, thin films, etc) with broad applications in the medical/health fields