Mitigação e adaptação das cidades às alterações climáticas: vulnerabilidades socioambientais e conflitos jurídicos na tutela das Áreas Urbanas de Preservação Permanente no Brasil

This paper aims to understand the relationships between socio-environmental vulnerability in Brazilian urban areas in the current context of climate change and the legal protection of urban Areas of Permanent Preservation (APP, in the acronym in Portuguese). We seek to identify and interpret how the composition formed by (i) norms currently in force in Brazilian law, (ii) instruments of environmental and land-use planning public policies, and (iii) jurisprudence on normative conflicts related to the discipline of urban PPAs. By means of a literature review and critical analysis of the legislation, other public policy instruments and jurisprudential precedents, we aimed to understand how this composition is aligned with initiatives to mitigate and adapt to climate change and to reduce socio-environmental vulnerabilities resulted from or aggravated by it, with a focus on the situation of populations that live precariously in risk areas. As a result, we have identified a complex and not very harmonious composition of norms applicable to these protected areas in the urban context. However, the current understanding of jurisprudence and the current legislative activity have evolved positively in relation to the necessary actions of adaptation to climate change and reduction of socio-environmental vulnerabilities, although important improvements are still necessary for effective protection and restoration, whenever possible, of urban APP.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Judicialização de grandes empreendimentos no Brasil: uma visão sobre os impactos da instalação de usinas hidrelétricas em populações locais na amazônia

O presente artigo analisa as ações civis públicas propostas em relação às usinas hidrelétricas de Belo Monte, Jirau e Santo Antônio, todas na Amazônia brasileira. Os dados levantados permitem expor e analisar o contexto de propositura das ACP, bem como as demandas que as originaram. Os resultados mostram que o licenciamento ambiental tem sido deficitário no controle e mitigação de impactos sociais. A maior parte das demandas judiciais está relacionada às irregularidades do procedimento do licenciamento, principalmente em relação à participação das populações impactadas, à qualidade e abrangência dos estudos de impacto ambiental e de viabilidade ambiental e ao cumprimento de condicionantes das licenças – afetando de váriasformas populações vulneráveis. Dessa forma, discussões que ocorreriam no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental estão sendo deslocadas para o Judiciário. Nos pronunciamentos dados pelos magistrados, nos casos considerados, têm preponderado a não intervenção do Judiciário nas decisões tomadas pelos órgãos licenciadores do Executivo

On the old ones\'track: shifting cultivation and agricultural intensification on quilombola populations at the Ribeira Valley, SP

A agricultura de corte-e-queima é praticada há milhares de anos nas áreas florestadas do planeta, principalmente nas regiões tropicais. Muitos estudos atestam a sustentabilidade desses sistemas quando praticados tradicionalmente e sob baixas densidades populacionais, mantendo, ou mesmo, promovendo a biodiversidade local e garantindo a subsistência de milhões de pessoas pobres rurais. No entanto, é crescente na literatura acadêmica e no debate político o papel que a agricultura de corte-e-queima vem desempenhando no desmatamento e demais impactos ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Esse processo é conseqüência das mudanças no uso do solo, intensificação agrícola e aumento demográfico que estão alterando as práticas e comprometendo a sustentabilidade desses sistemas agrícolas tradicionais. No Vale do Ribeira, sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, comunidades quilombolas têm sofrido um processo acelerado de mudanças nos seus padrões de subsistência. Dessa forma, esse estudo traz uma revisão da literatura sobre a agricultura de corte-equeima com o objetivo de traçar um panorama geral do que foi produzido até o momento, identificar as principais correntes teóricas envolvidas e apontar as alternativas propostas para sua manutenção. Em seguida, são caracterizados o perfil demográfico e sócio-econômico de nove comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira e identificados os principais fatores responsáveis pelas mudanças recentes nos seus padrões de subsistência. Por fim, é feita uma análise etnográfica, através de informações levantadas em três comunidades quilombolas pré-selecionadas, para a caracterização das atividades agrícolas praticadas atualmente e no passado recente, bem como o processo de mudanças ocorridas e os impactos causados no sistema agrícola de corte-equeima. Os resultados mostram que as restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental, os conflitos de terra, a construção de uma rodovia na região, a crescente inserção no mercado regional, e a atuação de órgãos governamentais e não-governamentais de desenvolvimento são os principais fatores responsáveis pelas mudanças observadas no sistema agrícola de corte-e-queima e, conseqüentemente, na organização socioeconômica destas populações.Slash-and-burn agriculture has been practiced for thousands of years in the forests around the world, especially in the tropics, where it provides for the livelihood of countless poor rural populations. Many studies claim that slash-andburn agriculture is sustainable when performed under conditions of low human demographic density, maintaining or even increasing local biodiversity. However, it is growing in the academic literature, as well as in development debates, the concern regarding the role that this system has been playing in the deforestation of the planet´s tropical forests. This process appears to be closely linked to changes in land use patterns (agricultural intensification) and urban and rural demographic growth. In Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Quilombola communities have had a significant increase of changes in their subsistence system. On the thread of these concerns, this study presents a critical review of the international and national academic literature on slash-and-burn agriculture. Thus, this review intends to draw a broad scenario of the current academic debate on this issue, as well as to identify the main alternatives strategies proposed to maintain or replace this cultivation system. Following this study aims to characterize the socioeconomic and demographic profile of nine Quilombola populations in the Ribeira Valley, and to identify the main factors responsible for the recent changes in their subsistence system. Por fim, an ethnographic analysis is done, through informations gathered in three pre-selected Quilombola communities, to characterize the agricultural activities practiced nowadays and in the recent past, besides the change process and impacts on the slash-and-burn agriculture. The results show that restrictions imposed by environmental laws, conflict over land, the construction of a major road in the region, the growing insertion into a market economy, and the intervention of governmental and nongovernmental development agencies are the main factors behind the changes observed in the subsistence system and, consequently, in the socioeconomic organization of these populations

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data