Postharvest application of phosphites reduces blue mold on 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples

O mofo-azul (Penicillium expansum) é uma podridão pós-colheita comum em maçãs (Malus domestica). O uso de substâncias menos ofensivas ao ambiente, como o fosfito (ácido fosforoso), é uma das alternativas de controle dessa doença. Visou-se, então, a avaliar neste estudo a eficiência de fosfito-K (40% de P2O5 e 30% de K2O) e fosfito-CaB (10,7% de P2O5, 3,89% de Ca e 0,5% de B) no controle do mofo-azul em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Os testes foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições de 20 frutos cada. Os frutos foram desinfestados em hipoclorito de Na (1%) por três minutos, lavados em água esterilizada, feridos (1mm de diâmetro e de profundidade) com agulha em quatro pontos eqüidistantes, imersos nos tratamentos por 15 minutos e armazenados a 15-20ºC. Nas suspensões contaminadas com Penicillium expansum (102 conídios.mL-1), foram adicionadas as seguintes substâncias: benomil (150 mg.L-1), fosfito-K (0,5 a 1,5 mL.L-1) e fosfito-CaB (1,5 a 3,0 mL.L-1). As maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala' imersas em água com fosfito-CaB (1,5 mL.L-1), fosfito-K (0,5-1,5 mL.L-1) ou benomil (150 mg.L-1) foram menos afetadas pelo mofo-azul. A aplicação de fosfito-K (1,5 mL.L-1) ou benomil (150 mg.L-1) nos frutos foi mais eficiente do que os demais tratamentos no controle do mofo-azul.Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) is a common postharvest disease of apples (Malus domestica). Applications of less hazardous substances to the environment, such as phosphite (phosphonic acid), is an alternative to the control of blue mold. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphite-K (40% P2O5 and 30% K2O) and phosphite-CaB (10.7% P2O5, 3.89% Ca, and 0.5% B) for the control of blue mold on 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. Tests were designed in randomized blocks with six replications of 20 fruits. Fruits were decontaminated with Na hypochlorite (1%) for three minutes, washed with sterilized water, needle wounded (with a diameter and deepness of 1mm) in four equidistant points, dipped into treatments for 15 minutes, and then stored at 15-20ºC. The following substances were added in suspensions contaminated with Penicillium expansum (at the concentration of 1 x 102 conidia.mL-1): benomyl (at 150 mg.L-1), phosphite-K (from 0.5 to 1.5 mL.L-1) and phosphite-CaB (from 1.5 to 3.0 mL.L-1). 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples dipped in water with phosphite-CaB (1.5 mL.L-1), phosphite-K (0.5-1.5 mL.L-1) or benomyl (150 mg.L-1) were less affected by the blue mold. Application of phosphite-K (1.5 mL.L-1) or benomyl were the most effective treatments to control the disease

Post harvest application of Cryptococcus laurentii reduces apple fruit rots

As podridões pós-colheita podem ocasionar perdas substanciais em maçãs (Malus domestica). O mofo azul (Penicillium expansum), a podridão amarga (Glomerella cingulata) e a podridão olho-de-boi (Pezicula malicorticis) estão entre as mais comuns. Grande atenção tem sido dada ao uso de alternativas de controle às doenças pós-colheita. A aplicação pós-colheita de leveduras, como o Cryptococcus laurentii, é uma das opções. Neste estudo testou-se a eficiência de C. laurentii (isolado 36) para o controle de podridões em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Após aplicação dos produtos, através de imersão, os frutos foram armazenados em laboratório (15-20 ºC / 60-70% UR) ou em câmara fria (1 ºC / 90-95% UR). Os patógenos foram inoculados na concentração de 10² conídios ml-1, a levedura a 10(7) células ml-1 e os fungicidas a 150 mg l-1. Em testes de laboratório, a aplicação de C. laurentii reduziu as podridões (G. cingulata, P. expansum e P. malicorticis) da maçã tanto quanto os fungicidas testados (thiabendazol e iprodione). Nos testes efetuados em câmara fria, constatou-se que, após o armazenamento, o tratamento de maçãs com C. laurentii foi tão eficiente quanto os tratamentos com fungicidas (thiabendazol, iprodione, digluconato de clorohexidina, dicloro-s-triazinatriona sódica, dicloroisocianurato de sódio e hipoclorito de sódio) na redução da podridão causada por P. expansum. Aplicação de C. laurentii não alterou a firmeza de polpa nem o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) dos frutos.Rots might be responsible for substantial post harvest losses in apples (Malus domestica). The blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, the bitter rot caused by Glomerella cingulata, and the 'bull's-eye rot' induced by Pezicula malicorticis are among of the most common rots. Great attention has been given to less environmental damaging alternatives for the control of postharvest diseases. The post harvest application of east-like fungi, such as Cryptococcus laurentii, is one option for controlling fruit rot. This study was carried out to test the efficiency of C. laurentii on fruit rot control in 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. After application of treatments, by immersion, the fruits were stored in the laboratory (15-20 °C / 60-70% RH) or in cold storage (1 °C / 90-95% RH). The pathogens were applied at a concentration of 10² conidia ml-1, the yeast at 10(7) cells ml-1, and the fungicides at 150 mg l-1. The Cryptococcus laurentii was as efficient in reducing apple fruit rots (G. cingulata , P. expansum , and P. malicorticis) as were the fungicides thiabendazole and iprodione. In cold storage trials, C. laurentii was as efficient as the fungicides (thiabendazole, iprodione, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, sodium dicloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochloride) in reducing P. expansum fruit rot. The application of C. laurentii did not affect flesh firmness and the total soluble solids content (°Brix) of the fruits

Post harvest application of Cryptococcus laurentii reduces apple fruit rots

As podridões pós-colheita podem ocasionar perdas substanciais em maçãs (Malus domestica). O mofo azul (Penicillium expansum), a podridão amarga (Glomerella cingulata) e a podridão olho-de-boi (Pezicula malicorticis) estão entre as mais comuns. Grande atenção tem sido dada ao uso de alternativas de controle às doenças pós-colheita. A aplicação pós-colheita de leveduras, como o Cryptococcus laurentii, é uma das opções. Neste estudo testou-se a eficiência de C. laurentii (isolado 36) para o controle de podridões em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Após aplicação dos produtos, através de imersão, os frutos foram armazenados em laboratório (15-20 ºC / 60-70% UR) ou em câmara fria (1 ºC / 90-95% UR). Os patógenos foram inoculados na concentração de 10² conídios ml-1, a levedura a 10(7) células ml-1 e os fungicidas a 150 mg l-1. Em testes de laboratório, a aplicação de C. laurentii reduziu as podridões (G. cingulata, P. expansum e P. malicorticis) da maçã tanto quanto os fungicidas testados (thiabendazol e iprodione). Nos testes efetuados em câmara fria, constatou-se que, após o armazenamento, o tratamento de maçãs com C. laurentii foi tão eficiente quanto os tratamentos com fungicidas (thiabendazol, iprodione, digluconato de clorohexidina, dicloro-s-triazinatriona sódica, dicloroisocianurato de sódio e hipoclorito de sódio) na redução da podridão causada por P. expansum. Aplicação de C. laurentii não alterou a firmeza de polpa nem o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) dos frutos.Rots might be responsible for substantial post harvest losses in apples (Malus domestica). The blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, the bitter rot caused by Glomerella cingulata, and the 'bull's-eye rot' induced by Pezicula malicorticis are among of the most common rots. Great attention has been given to less environmental damaging alternatives for the control of postharvest diseases. The post harvest application of east-like fungi, such as Cryptococcus laurentii, is one option for controlling fruit rot. This study was carried out to test the efficiency of C. laurentii on fruit rot control in 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. After application of treatments, by immersion, the fruits were stored in the laboratory (15-20 °C / 60-70% RH) or in cold storage (1 °C / 90-95% RH). The pathogens were applied at a concentration of 10² conidia ml-1, the yeast at 10(7) cells ml-1, and the fungicides at 150 mg l-1. The Cryptococcus laurentii was as efficient in reducing apple fruit rots (G. cingulata , P. expansum , and P. malicorticis) as were the fungicides thiabendazole and iprodione. In cold storage trials, C. laurentii was as efficient as the fungicides (thiabendazole, iprodione, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, sodium dicloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochloride) in reducing P. expansum fruit rot. The application of C. laurentii did not affect flesh firmness and the total soluble solids content (°Brix) of the fruits

Reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes to stem rot and powdery mildew

A podridão do colo (Sclerotium rolfsii) e o oídio (Erysiphe polygoni) são de constante ocorrência na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) no estado de Santa Catarina. O uso de genótipos com resistência genética é uma das alternativas de manejo destas doenças. Avaliou-se a reação a podridão e ao oídio em 80 e 75 genótipos de feijão respectivamente. Os testes foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Para os testes com a podridão do colo, cada semente dos genótipos foi inoculada com dois esclerócios de S. rolfsii. A infecção por oídio ocorreu naturalmente. Usou-se a cv. Rio Tibagi como padrão de média resistência à podridão ou de média susceptibilidade ao oídio. Os genótipos menos afetados pela podridão do colo e que diferiram da 'Rio Tibagi' foram: grupo preto - LA 95105428, FT 646 e Acesso 57; grupo colorido - BAF 50. A maioria dos genótipos não diferiu da 'Rio Tibagi', porém o mais afetado pela podridão do colo foi o BAF 10. Os genótipos mais susceptíveis ao oídio foram o Acesso 57 (Preto) e o FGP CF 101 (Preto). Os genótipos menos afetados pelo oídio foram: grupo preto - Acessos 60 e 36, FGP CF 058, TB 95-03, LM95103904 e LP 96-58; grupo colorido - Akitã, LP 94-1 e LP 96-162.The stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are common in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The use of less susceptible varieties can reduce the incidence of these diseases. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the reaction of more than 70 bean genotypes (black and colored groups) to stem rot and powdery mildew. The tests were conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized block design. Each seed for the stem rot test was inoculated with two sclerotia of S. rolfsii. For the powdery mildew tests, the plants were naturally infected by air borne conidia. The cultivar Rio Tibagi was used as pattern of median resistance towards stem rot and median susceptibility towards powdery mildew for statistical comparisons. The genotypes less affected by stem rot were (compared to 'Rio Tibagi'): black group - LA 95105428, FT 646, and Access 57; colored group ('Carioca') - BAF 50. The genotype most affected by stem rot was BAF 10. Most of the genotypes did not differ from 'Rio Tibagi' in terms of stem rot intensity. The genotypes most susceptible to stem rot were Access 57 (black) and FGP CF 101 (black). The genotypes less affected by powdery mildew were: black group - Access 60, Access 36, FGP CF 058, TB 95-03, LM95103904, and LP 96-58; colored group - Akitã, LP 94-1, and LP 96-162

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data