A vision-based system to support tactical and physical analyses in futsal

This paper presents a vision-based system to support tactical and physical analyses of futsal teams. Most part of the current analyses in this sport are manually performed, while the existing solutions based on automatic approaches are frequently composed of costly and complex tools, developed for other kind of team sports, making it difficult their adoption by futsal teams. Our system, on the other hand, represents a simple yet efficient dedicated solution, which is based on the analyses of image sequences captured by a single stationary camera used to obtain top-view images of the entire court. We use adaptive background subtraction and blob analysis to detect players, as well as particle filters to track them in every video frame. The system determines the distance traveled by each player, his/her mean and maximum speeds, as well as generates heat maps that describe players’ occupancy during the match. To present the collected data, our system uses a specially developed mobile application. Experimental results with image sequences of an official match and a training match show that our system provides data with global mean tracking errors below 40 cm, demanding on 25 ms to process each frame and, thus, demonstrating its high application potential

Fosfito de potássio na indução de resistência a Verticillium dahliae Kleb., em mudas de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) Effect of potassium phosphite on the induction of resistance in cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) against Verticillium dahliae Kleb

Há vários relatos da utilização de fosfitos no controle de doenças de plantas, por meio de ação direta, antifúngica e indireta por indução de resistência. Essa atuação como indutor é questionada, não sendo encontradas, em muitos desses trabalhos, evidências de respostas de defesa ativadas pelos sais de fosfito. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de doses (0,62; 1,25; 2,5 e 5 mL.L-1 de água) de fosfito de potássio na indução de resistência em mudas de cacaueiro a V. dahliae, além de investigar os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na resposta de defesa. Foram realizados experimentos no Laboratório de Fisiologia do Parasitismo e casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Fitopatologia UFLA. A aplicação foliar do fosfito foi realizada 7 dias antes das inoculações e as avaliações de severidade foram realizadas aos 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias após a inoculação. Foi realizado também um experimento para verificar o efeito tóxico direto e outro para avaliar a atividade das enzimas peroxidases e polifenoloxidases e a concentração de lignina. O tratamento com o fosfito de potássio (1,25 mL.L-1 de água) proporcionou 10% de redução na área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da murcha-de-Verticillium (AACPD), 60 dias após aplicação foliar, não diferindo de nenhuma das doses, nem da testemunha. Todas as doses utilizadas apresentaram efeito fungitóxico, inibindo a germinação de V. dahliae. A aplicação do fosfito de potássio (1,25 mL.L-1 de água) não induziu aumento na atividade das enzimas peroxidases e polifenoloxidases em relação à testemunha. Plantas tratadas com esse produto apresentaram um pequeno incremento na concentração de lignina, não apresentando diferença significativa da testemunha absoluta.<br>There are several reports concerning with the use of phosphites for controlling of plant diseases, through direct action, antifungal, and indirect, by resistance induction. The performance of phosphites as inducer of resistance is questioned, not finding in many of those papers, evidences of defense responses activated by these salts. The present work aimed at studying the effect of doses (0.62; 1.25; 2.5 and 5.0 mL.L-1 of water) of potassium phosphite on the protection of cocoa seedlings against V. dahliae, besides investigating the possible mechanisms involved in the defense response. Experiments were accomplished at the laboratory of Physiopathology and in a greenhouse at the Plant Pathology Department - UFLA. Foliar applications of phosphite were carried out 7 days before inoculation and severity assessments at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after inoculation. Experiments were also set to verify the toxic effect of phosphites and to evaluate the action of the enzymes peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases and the lignin content. The treatment with the potassium phosphite (1.25 mL.L-1 of water) provided only 10% reduction in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), 60 days after spraying, not differing from none of the doses, nor from the dose zero. All the used doses presented antifungal effect, inhibiting the germination of V. dahliae conidia. The application of the potassium phosphite (1.25 mL.L-1 of water) did not induce increase in the activities of the enzymes peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases in relation to the control. Treated plants with that product presented a small increment in the lignin content, not presenting a significant difference to the absolute control

Produção de pimentão em substratos e fertirrigação com efluente de biodigestor Pepper production in substrates using fertigation with biological reactor effluent

O aproveitamento do efluente de biodigestor em fertirrigação e a utilização do esterco de suínos seco como componente do substrato, ao mesmo tempo em que diminuiriam o custo de produção da cultura do pimentão, evitariam o descarte desses resíduos no meio ambiente. Neste trabalho se objetivou avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos de pimentão vermelho híbrido 'Margarita' adotando-se o delineamento experimental fatorial 4 x 3 em blocos casualizados, sendo 4 substratos (S1, S2, S3 e S4) e 3 soluções nutritivas: solução nutritiva mineral (SN1), solução nutritiva à base de efluente de biodigestor, complementada com fertilizantes minerais (SN2) e solução nutritiva à base de efluente de biodigestor (SN3). A utilização das diferentes misturas que originaram os respectivos substratos, pode ser recomendada com boas perspectivas de produção e qualidade de frutos, com exceção do S1, que mostrou ser inferior aos demais, em termos de qualidade de frutos. A substituição parcial de fertilizantes minerais pelo efluente de biodigestor à base de dejetos de suínos, não foi suficiente para proporcionar produtividade equivalente à adubação 100% mineral; entretanto, alcançou padrões de qualidade semelhantes e com boa produtividade.<br>The use of biological reactor effluent in fertigation and use of dry swine waste as a component of the substrate, would lower the cost of production and prevent discarding residues in the environment. Based on that, the objective of this research was to evaluate both yield and quality of pepper fruits, adopting the factorial scheme 4 x 3 in randomized blocks, with 4 substrates (S1, S2, S3 e S4) and 3 nutrient solutions: mineral nutrient solution (SN1), nutrient solution as based on biological reactor effluent boosted with mineral fertilizers (SN2) and nutrient solution based on biological reactor effluent (SN3). The different mixtures that yielded different substrate could be recommended for both fruit and quality production perspectives, except substrate 1 (S1), which revealed inferior quality of fruits. The use of SN1 permitted greater weight of the fruits, thickness of the pulp and productivity. Partial substitution of fertilizers by biodigestor effluent of swine waste (SN2) was not sufficient to promote productivity equivalent to 100% mineral nutrient solution, however it reached mean index of productivity with standards of quality of fruits equivalent to the mineral solution (SN1). This supports the conclusion that the use of the biological reactor effluent would be an alternative in potential to reduce the cost of production of pepper crop and to prevent the discarding of this material, still rich in nutrients, into the environment

Cation Alkyl Side Chain Length and Symmetry Effects on the Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids

Aiming at providing a comprehensive study of the influence of the cation symmetry and alkyl side chain length on the surface tension and surface organization of ionic liquids (ILs), this work addresses the experimental measurements of the surface tension of two extended series of ILs, namely R,R'-dialkylimidazolium bis-Rtrifluoromethyl)sulfonyllimide ([C(n)C(n)im][NTf2]) and R-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[ (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide ([C-n C(1)im]-[NTf2D, and their dependence with temperature (from 298 to 343 K). For both series of ILs the surface tension decreases with an increase in the cation side alkyl chain length up to aliphatic chains no longer than hexyl, here labeled as critical alkyl chain length (CACL). For ILs with aliphatic moieties longer than CACL the surface tension displays an almost constant value up to [C(12)C(1)im][NTf2] or [C(16)C(1)im][NTf2]. These constant values further converge to the surface tension of long chain n-alkanes, indicating that, for sufficiently long alkyl side chains, the surface ordering is strongly dominated by the aliphatic tails present in the IL. The enthalpies and entropies of surface were also derived and the critical temperatures were estimated from the experimental data. The trend of the derived thermodynamic Properties highlights the effect of the structural organization of the IL at the surface with visible trend shifts occurring at a well-defined CACL in both symmetric and asymmetric series of ILs. Finally, the structure of a long-alkyl side chain IL at the vacuum-liquid interface was also explored using Molecular Dynamics simulations. In general, it was found that for the symmetric series of ILs, at the outermost polar layers, more cations point one of their aliphatic tails outward and the other inward, relative to the surface, than cations pointing both tails outward. The number of the former, while being the preferred conformation, exceeds the latter by around 75%