Identificação de eventos de seca em cana-de-açúcar com base em índices de seca derivados do sensor Modis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of several spectral indices, calculated using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (Modis) images, in identifying drought events in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) crops. Images of Terra and Aqua satellites were used to calculate the spectral indices, using visible (red), near infrared, and shortwave infrared bands, and eight indices were selected: NDVI, EVI2, GVMI, NDI6, NDI7, NDWI, SRWI, and MSI. The indices were calculated using images between October and April of the crop years 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, and 2013/14. These indices were then correlated with the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), calculated for 1, 3, and 6 months. Four of them had significant correlations with SPEI: GVMI, MSI, NDI7, and NDWI. Spectral indices from Modis sensor on board the Aqua satellite (MYD) were more suited for drought detection, and March provided the most relevant indices for that purpose. Drought indices calculated from Modis sensor data are effective for detecting sugarcane drought events, besides being able to indicate seasonal fluctuations.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de diversos índices, calculados com o uso de imagens do sensor Modis (“moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer”), em identificar eventos de seca na cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum). As imagens dos satélites Terra e Aqua foram utilizadas para calcular os índices espectrais, com bandas na região do visível (vermelho), infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio, e oito índices foram selecionados: NDVI, EVI2, GVMI, NDI6, NDI7, NDWI, SRWI e MSI. Os índices foram calculados com base em imagens de outubro a abril de quatro anos agrícolas: 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10 e 2013/14. Esses índices foram correlacionados com o índice de seca meteorológica SPEI, calculado para 1, 3 e 6 meses. Quatro deles tiveram correlação significativa com o índice SPEI: GVMI, MSI, NDI7 e NDWI. Os índices espectrais derivados do sensor Modis a bordo do satélite Aqua (MYD) são mais adequados para o reconhecimento de eventos de seca, e março proporcionou os índices mais relevantes para esse propósito. Índices de seca calculados com base em dados Modis são efetivos em detectar eventos de seca em cana-de-açúcar, além de serem capazes de apontar flutuações sazonais

Diagnóstico da expansão da cana-de-açúcar:: aplicação do Barômetro da Sustentabilidade nos municípios de Barretos e Jaboticabal (SP)

With the premise of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, international interest in biofuelshas grown considerably in recent years. With the increasing demand and consequent expansion,the need to assess the impacts on the environment and society is unquestioned. Brazil, with largeareas of arable and large current production of sugarcane, in addition to the added knowledgefrom decades of research and production of bioethanol, has the potential for expansion, but theconsequences should be considered alongside to increased economic returns. For this, theapplication of the Barometer of Sustainability was made for two municipalities in the state of SãoPaulo: one with strong sugarcane expansion (Barretos), and another with stagnant production(Jaboticabal). The main objective was to identify the impacts based on the comparison ofmunicipalities and identify causality in relation to the expansion of the culture under study. Theapplication of sustainability barometer indicates a negative impact in the municipality withsugarcane expansion. In addition, the municipality without sugarcane expansion improves itshuman welfare performance against a stabilization of the municipality with expansion, indicatinga relationship between the expansion of sugarcane and precariousness of human development.Para reduzir emissões dos gases do efeito estufa e aumentar a segurança de suprimento energético, o interesse internacional por biocombustíveis tem crescido consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Com a crescente demanda e consequente expansão da produção, é inquestionável a necessidade de avaliar os impactos sobre a sociedade e o meio ambiente. O Brasil, com grandes áreas agricultáveis e a grande produção de cana-de-açúcar, além do conhecimento agregado por décadas de pesquisa e produção de bioetanol, possui potencial para expansão, mas as consequências devem ser analisadas além da simples viabilidade econômica. Para uma avaliação de impactos sociais da atividade canavieira foi aplicada a metodologia conhecida como Barômetro da Sustentabilidade para dois municípios do estado de São Paulo: um com forte expansão canavieira (Barretos), e outro com produção estagnada (Jaboticabal) no mesmo período de 10 anos. Com a comparação dos indicadores dos dois municípios buscou-se identificar a causalidade em relação à expansão da cultura em estudo. A aplicação do Barômetro da Sustentabilidade indica um impacto ambiental negativo no município com significativa expansão canavieira. Além disso, o município sem expansão teve melhora em seu desempenho de bem-estar humano, contra uma estabilização do indicador no município em que houve expansão

Distinct patterns of somatic alterations in a lymphoblastoid and a tumor genome derived from the same individual

Although patterns of somatic alterations have been reported for tumor genomes, little is known on how they compare with alterations present in non-tumor genomes. A comparison of the two would be crucial to better characterize the genetic alterations driving tumorigenesis. We sequenced the genomes of a lymphoblastoid (HCC1954BL) and a breast tumor (HCC1954) cell line derived from the same patient and compared the somatic alterations present in both. The lymphoblastoid genome presents a comparable number and similar spectrum of nucleotide substitutions to that found in the tumor genome. However, a significant difference in the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions was observed between both genomes (P = 0.031). Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that mutations in the tumor genome preferentially affect hub-genes (P = 0.0017) and are co-selected to present synergistic functions (P < 0.0001). KEGG analysis showed that in the tumor genome most mutated genes were organized into signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis. No such organization or synergy was observed in the lymphoblastoid genome. Our results indicate that endogenous mutagens and replication errors can generate the overall number of mutations required to drive tumorigenesis and that it is the combination rather than the frequency of mutations that is crucial to complete tumorigenic transformation

Distinct patterns of somatic alterations in a lymphoblastoid and a tumor genome derived from the same individual

Although patterns of somatic alterations have been reported for tumor genomes, little is known on how they compare with alterations present in non-tumor genomes. A comparison of the two would be crucial to better characterize the genetic alterations driving tumorigenesis. We sequenced the genomes of a lymphoblastoid (HCC1954BL) and a breast tumor (HCC1954) cell line derived from the same patient and compared the somatic alterations present in both. The lymphoblastoid genome presents a comparable number and similar spectrum of nucleotide substitutions to that found in the tumor genome. However, a significant difference in the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions was observed between both genomes (P = 0.031). Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that mutations in the tumor genome preferentially affect hub-genes (P = 0.0017) and are co-selected to present synergistic functions (P < 0.0001). KEGG analysis showed that in the tumor genome most mutated genes were organized into signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis. No such organization or synergy was observed in the lymphoblastoid genome. Our results indicate that endogenous mutagens and replication errors can generate the overall number of mutations required to drive tumorigenesis and that it is the combination rather than the frequency of mutations that is crucial to complete tumorigenic transformation

Assessment of Greenhouse Gases and Pollutant Emissions in the Road Freight Transport Sector: A Case Study for São Paulo State, Brazil

This study analyzes the road freight sector of S&atilde;o Paulo state to identify the best options to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and local pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Additionally, the investment cost of each vehicle is also analyzed. Results show that electric options, including hybrid, battery, and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles represent the best options to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions concomitantly, but considerable barriers for their deployment are still in place. With little long-term planning on the state level, electrification of the transport system, in combination with increased renewable electricity generation, would require considerable financial support to achieve the desired emissions reductions without increasing energy insecurity

Socioeconomic indicators analysis in sugarcane municipalities : case studies in São Paulo and Alagoas states

Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva WalterDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia MecânicaResumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar os aspectos socioeconômicos associados à produção de cana-de-açúcar, em dois dos principais estados produtores: São Paulo, maior produtor da região Centro-Sul, e do país, e Alagoas, maior produtor da região Nordeste. Para tanto, foram utilizados indicadores municipais regularmente compilados e divulgados pelos órgãos oficiais do governo brasileiro. Foram utilizados alguns métodos estatísticos, como o teste de hipótese t na comparação dos grupos de municípios canavieiros e não canavieiros, a Análise de Cluster para separar, de forma não tendenciosa, os municípios canavieiros em grupos de municípios com melhores e piores indicadores sociais, a Análise Discriminante, com o intuito de identificar quais fatores explicam o maior ou menor estágio de desenvolvimento dos municípios canavieiros, e Gráficos Radar, para facilitar a análise da evolução dos indicadores sociais ao longo do tempo. Se não é possível afirmar categoricamente que os municípios canavieiros de São Paulo e Alagoas têm, na média, melhores indicadores socioeconômicos do que municípios similares não canavieiros, é possível concluir o oposto, ou seja, que os municípios canavieiros não têm piores indicadores do que os não canavieiros. O estudo da evolução dos indicadores de 1970 a 2000 permite concluir que há tendência de equalização dos municípios considerados canavieiros e não canavieiros no que diz respeito aos indicadores considerados, e nos dois estados estudados. Em São Paulo (e Alagoas de forma menos expressiva), de uma forma geral, os municípios que têm melhores indicadores têm a atividade econômica mais diversificada, ou seja, quanto maior a participação relativa de outros setores na economia (indústria e serviços), além da agropecuária, melhores os resultados. Especificamente quanto às variáveis que indicam a importância relativa da atividade canavieira, conclui-se que a presença da cana-de-açúcar não impacta negativamente os indicadores de qualidade de vida do município. Entretanto, a maior dependência da economia local da atividade canavieira está associada, em geral, à menor qualidade de vida, ou seja, são piores os indicadores. Também como regra geral, os municípios canavieiros com maior receita têm melhores indicadores. Da mesma forma, municípios que proporcionalmente recebem mais transferências estaduais e federais têm melhores indicadoresAbstract: This dissertation aims to analyze the socioeconomic aspects associated with the production of sugarcane in two major producing states: Sao Paulo, the largest producer in the Center-South region, and in country, and Alagoas, the largest producer in the Northeast region. For this purpose, municipal indicators regularly compiled and published by official agencies of the Brazilian government were used. Some statistical methods were applied, such as the hypothesis t test to compare the groups of municipalities that produce sugarcane in large-scale and those that do not produce sugarcane, the Cluster Analysis to separate in groups, in a non-biased way, the producer sugarcane municipalities according to their social indicators, Discriminant Analysis in order to identify which factors explain the higher or lower stage of development of municipalities with large sugarcane production, and diagrams for an easy analysis of trends in social indicators over time. To conclude about the first aim of this dissertation, if it is not possible to state categorically that the municipalities with large sugarcane production in the state of São Paulo and Alagoas have, on average, better socioeconomic indicators than similar municipalities without sugarcane, it is possible to conclude the opposite, namely that the municipalities with sugarcane do not have worse indicators than those without sugarcane. The study of the evolution of the indicators from 1970 to 2000 shows that there is a tendency for equalization of municipalities considered as sugarcane producers and non-sugarcane producers in relation to the indicators considered, and in the two states studied. In São Paulo (and Alagoas to some extent), in general, municipalities that have the best indicators are more diverse economically, i.e. the higher the relative share of other sectors in the economy (industry and services), in addition to farming, the better the results. Specifically concerning the variables that indicate the relative importance of sugarcane production, it was concluded that the presence of sugarcane does not negatively impact the indicators of quality of life in the municipality. However, the higher dependence of the local economy on sugarcane production is associated generally with lower quality of life, i.e. the indicators are worse. Also as a general rule, among the municipalities with large sugarcane production, those with higher taxes revenues have better indicators. Likewise, municipalities that receive proportionately more state and federal transfers have better indicatorsMestradoPlanejamento de Sistemas EnergeticosMestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energético

Bio-based Propylene Production In A Sugarcane Biorefinery: A Techno-economic Evaluation For Brazilian Conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This paper presents a techno-economic evaluation of potential Greenfield projects of integrated first- and second-generation sugarcane biorefineries, in which ethanol is converted to bio-based propylene through metathesis of ethylene with 2-butene. Two scenarios were tested, considering improvements both in first- and second-generation ethanol production: with and without pentoses fermentation, which increases the amount of ethanol produced. The viability of the proposed propylene production facility was studied through Minimum Bio-Propylene Selling Price (MBSP), and sensitivity and risk analysis were performed. Results show that, compared to the average propylene prices in recent years, the MBSP (based on the average estimates) would be no more than 85-90% higher than the price of the conventional fossil-fuel based product. In addition, three aspects were further assessed: (i) scaling of production plants, (ii) learning effects, and (iii) policies that would result lower capital costs. The results show that the cumulative effect would lead a substantial reduction of the MBSP, leading to a competitive price of 1347 US$/t. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd105623633Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP [2013/50347-7]FAPESPBrazilian agency CNPqFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

The Use Of Socioeconomic Indicators To Assess The Impacts Of Sugarcane Production In Brazil

Global biofuel consumption increased in 2013, following a slight decline in 2012. The bulk of ethanol comes from two countries: United States (based on corn), and Brazil (sugarcane). The International Energy Agency predicted a world market of approximately 200 BL of fuel ethanol in 2020, and both US and Brazil might keep their importance. It is still a matter of discussion the impacts of such economic activity at the level it takes place. In this sense, a research activity has been conducted aiming at evaluating the socioeconomic impacts of sugarcane activities at a municipal level. Three important states in Brazil for sugarcane production were chosen, Sao Paulo, Alagoas and Goias. Eight indicators were used to assess quality of life: Illiteracy Rate, Human Development Index, Theil Index, Percentage of Poor People, Connection to the Grid, Connection to the Sewer System, Child Mortality and Life Expectancy. The analysis of the socioeconomic indicators of the municipalities showed with statistical rigor, that in all three states studied the municipalities in which sugarcane activity is relevant with sugarcane presented, over all, better socioeconomic conditions represented by the indicators selected. However, the state of sao Paulo was the only to present advantage for the municipalities with sugarcane, for all indicators selected. On the other hand, the differences between municipalities are not so strong in Goias state, but it is important to highlight that sugarcane production started more recently than other states. The analysis related to the evolution of the selected socioeconomic indicators of both groups did not allow the acceptance of the hypothesis that the indicators evolved differently when comparing the groups with sugarcane and without. When statistically significant municipalities without sugarcane show better evolution. Nevertheless, considering the indicators used, the advantages of the municipalities with sugarcane are reduced in the course of time. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.521519152