Metabolitos secundarios no fenólicos en el follaje de árboles y arbustos. Efecto en la fisiología digestiva de rumiantes

Using the foliage of trees and shrubs in ruminant feeding is an important alternative for the development of sustainable animal production; however, foliage contains antinutritional secondary compounds which act as defense mechanisms against microorganisms, insects, and predators. Nevertheless, some of these compounds can be beneficial for animals. There are several thousands of these compounds grouped according to the chemical substances that constitute them. The most relevant for ruminant nutrition are phenolic compounds (mainly tannins), nitrogen toxins (alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, toxic aminoacids, lecithin, and protease inhibitors), and terpenoids (fundamentally saponins). Some considerations on the non-phenolic secondary metabolites in the foliage of trees and shrubs and their effects on ruminant digestion physiology are discussed in this research paper.El uso del follaje de árboles y arbustos en la alimentación de los rumiantes es una importante alternativa para el desarrollo de una producción animal sostenible; sin embargo, presentan compuestos secundarios con actividad antinutricional, que actúan como mecanismos de defensa contra microorganismos, insectos y depredadores. No obstante, algunos de ellos pueden ser beneficiosos para los animales. Existen varios miles de estos compuestos, los que se agrupan según las sustancias químicas que los constituyen; los más relevantes para la nutrición de rumiantes son los compuestos fenólicos (principalmente taninos), toxinas nitrogenadas (alcaloides, glicósidos cianogénicos, aminoácidos tóxicos, lectinas e inhibidores de las proteasas) y terpenos (fundamentalmente saponinas). En este trabajo se realizan algunas consideraciones acerca de los metabolitos secundarios no fenólicos del follaje de árboles y arbustos y de su efecto en la fisiología digestiva de los rumiantes

Season and Enterprise Effects on Cow Milk Production Indicators in Ciego de Ávila.

The effects of season and enterprise on cow milk production indicators between 2008 and 2012 in the province of Ciego de Ávila,  Cuba, are presented. Official information of the productive, economic, and financial indicators from the Economic and Production Departments of the enterprises evaluated was used. The mean productivity and effi-ciency indicators were calculated from the basic information collected. Descriptive statistical  analysis and variable comparisons between seasons and enterprises were made.  The bio-economic indicators in the rainy season  produced the least unfavorable results. More than one milk kg/cow was produced in the rainy season, and yields per area had a mean of 8.2 and 12.9 kg of milk/ha/month in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively.  Different results were observed in annual  efficiency and production  indicators, both primary and secondary.  Ruta  Invasora  was  the enterprise with the best productive results; whereas Orlando González Enterprise had the highest overall yields

Efecto de la época y la empresa en indicadores de producción de leche vacuna en Ciego de Ávila.

Se presenta el efecto de la época y la empresa en indicadores de producción  de leche vacuna en la provincia de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba,  entre los años 2008 y 2012.  Se tomó la información institucional de indicadores productivos, económicos y financieros de los Departamentos Económicos y de Producción de cada una de las empresas evaluadas. A partir de la información primaria obtenida se calcularon indicadores de productividad media  y eficiencia. Se reali-zaron análisis de estadística descriptiva y comparaciones de variables entre épocas y empresas.  Los indicadores bio-económicos tienen los resultados menos desfavorables en la época de lluvia; por ejemplo, se obtiene más de un kg de leche/vaca en época de lluvia y la producción por área tuvo una mediana de 8,2 y 12,9 kg de leche/ha/mes en seca y lluvia, respectivamente. Las empresas mostraron resultados diferentes en indicadores primarios y secundarios anuales de eficiencia y productividad: se destaca con mejores resultados productivos la Empresa Ruta Invasora.  La Em-presa Orlando González tuvo, de manera general, los menores desempeños.Season and Enterprise Effects on Cow Milk Production Indicators in Ciego de Ávila.ABSTRACTThe effects of season and enterprise on cow milk production indicators between 2008 and 2012 in  the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, are presented. Official information of the productive, economic, and financial indicators from the Economic and Production Departments of the enterprises evaluated  was used. The mean productivity and effi-ciency indicators were calculated from the basic information collected . Descriptive statistics analysis and variable comparisons between seasons and enterprises were made. The bio -economic indicators showed the least unfavorable results in the rainy season. More than one milk kg/cow is produced in the rainy season, and yields per area had a mean of 8.2 and 12.9 kg of milk/ha/month in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Different results were observed in annual  efficiency and production  indicators, both  primary and secondary.  Ruta  Invasora was the enterprise with the best productive results; where as Orlando Gonzalez enterprise  had the highest overall yields

Sustainability of Cow Milk Production Units in Marcos Espines Jurisdiction, Tungurahua-Ecuador.

Physical and productive indicators were assessed in 70 cattle dairies (CaDa), along with the technical, environ-mental, economic and social  sustainability indicators of 10 CaDa in Marcos Espinel jurisdiction, Píllaro Canton, Tungurahua-Ecuador, and the dynamic behavior of these indicators for 10 years in a case CaDa. The CaDas averaged 150 l of milk/day, with animal production of 15 l of milk/day, stocking rate over two animals/ha  and herd made of 20-25 animals. Chemical fertilizers were widely used in the pasture lands; commercial supplements were used as well. The labor  costs were high; everything was associated to cost increases in milk production and a decrease in farm cost-effect indicators. The technical, social, and economic sustainability indicators accounted for 100 % im-pairment in the units; the environmental indicators revealed  positive values. However, the rate of special sustainable cattle raising indicated unsustainability for all the case CaDas.  The dynamic behavior of sustainability in the case CaDa  showed positive values  for some indicators, such as energy efficiency; and impairment of others,  such as economic sustainability. The study concluded that the CaDa had a generally unsustainable behavior

Valor nutritivo de las fracciones solubles e insolubles del follaje de Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp

Nutritional potential of water-soluble and  water  non-soluble leafage of Gliricidia sepium, tested by ruminant  degradability  and  in  vitro gas production  techniques,  was studied. Ruminant  degradability  of  dry  matter   and  nitrogen  showed high  values,  i.e.,  54,5  to 81,9 % and  73,2  to 92,1 %respectively. Lower values were  registered in leafage with an older rebudding age  or stem  inclusion. Both water-soluble and  water-nonsoluble leafage are  nutritionally relevant. Water-soluble leafage nutritional contribution was higher during the   first  twelve-hour  fermentation  process.  G.  sepium  leafage  nutritional  potential derives from its gradual nitrogen and energy supply to rumen  micro-organisms.Se   caracterizó  la  contribución  nutritiva  de   las  fracciones  solubles  e  insolubles  de diferentes   follajes de G. sepium, medidos con las técnicas de degradabilidad ruminal y de  producción de  gas in vitro. Los potenciales de  degradabilidad ruminal de  la materia seca (entre  54,5  y 81,9 %) y el  nitrógeno  (entre  73,2  y 92,1 %) se pueden considerar altos.  Los valores  menores se alcanzan  en  follajes  con  mayores edades de  rebrote y con  inclusión de  tallos. Tanto  la fracción soluble como  insoluble en  agua realizan una importante contribución nutritiva; en  las primeras 12 horas de  fermentación la fracción soluble hace su mayor  aporte. El valor nutritivo del follaje de G. sepium radica, fundamentalmente, en su aporte gradual de nitrógeno y energía a los microorganismos del rumen

Validation of Ovine Excreta Using in vitro Gas to Assess Feed for Ruminants

Ovine excreta as inoculum for biogasification was used to assess in vitro and in sacco nutritive value of tropical pastures for ruminants. Pastures under study were: Paspalum notatum, Cynodon nlemfuensis, Panicum maximum, Sporobolus indicus, and Desmodium sp. Excreta were collected on grassy pastures areas. CO2  systematic injections prevented strict anaerobic microorganisms contact with oxygen. A positive and significant correlation resulted from biogasification using either ovine excreta or ovine ruminal fluid. Determinant coefficient was 0,79. Panicum maxi- mum and Cynodon nlemfuensis reached the highest nutritive value, while Sporobolus indicus showed the lowest one. Key Words: ovine excreta, digestibility, nutritive valu

Model Comparison to Interpret the Kinetics of in vitroGas Production with Bovine Excreta Used as Inoculum.

New models to help interpret the kinetics of in vitrogas production with bovine excreta used as inoculum were suggested. Samples of L. leucocephala, G. sepiumand P. maximum, with different gas production profiles, were used. The samples were submitted to the procedure for gas production and the volumes were determined every 3 h, in the first 30 h; then at 36; 48; 72 and 96 h. Five models were compared (two monophase and three biphase), and the parameters for better adjustment were determined. Mean squared error and the Durbin-Watson test were used as comparison criteria. It was concluded that the monophase models fall short to describe the kinetics of in vitrogas production with bovine excreta; whereas the biphase models with simple exponential components are useful. The biphase equation, where V = 0 for t < L and V = B * (1 – EXP (- C * (t - L))) for t ≥L classified as the most useful work is done with syringes