RESISTENCIA ANTIBIÓTICA DE SALMONELLA SPP, ESCHERICHIA COLI AISLADAS DE ALPACAS (Vicugna pacus) CON Y SIN DIARREA

A nivel mundial, el problema de resistencia a antibióticos es considerado de prioridad sanitaria pública y veterinaria, por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la presencia de resistencia antibiótica frente a Salmonella sp., y Escherichia coli provenientes de crías de alpacas con y sin diarrea. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo transversal múltiple. Se recolectaron 300 muestras de heces por hisopado rectal de crías de alpacas entre 10 a 60 días nacidas con y sin cuadros diarreicos provenientes de Comunidades Campesinas de Huancavelica-Perú. La presencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. Se identificó mediante pruebas bioquímicas la susceptibilidad antibacteriana por método Kirby Bauer y se evaluaron 8 antibióticos usuales del mercado veterinaria. El 100%de muestras con diarreas fueron positivas a Escherichia coli, 40,0%Salmonella spp., 20%Escherichia coli-Salmonella spp. y muestras sin diarrea 57,0%positivas a Escherichia coli, 24,0% Salmonella spp., 19.0% E. coli-Salmonella spp. Las cepas de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. fueron resistentes a Ampicilina (10,4 0,3), (9,3 0,2); Novomicina (11,1 0,2), (11,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (8,2 0,1), (9,2 0,3); Penicilina (9,1 0,4), (11,1 0,3); Gentamicina (10,1 0,4), (10,2 0,3) provenientes de muestras con diarrea y en muestras sin diarrea resistentes a Gentamicina (10,3 0,1), (8,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (9,2 0,4), (8,2 0,4); Ampicilina (11,2 0,1), (9,3 0,2); Penicilina (10,2 0,4), (10,1 0,3). Las cepas de Salmonella spp., y Escherichia coli aisladas de crías de alpacas con y sin diarreas evidencian resistencia antibacteriana a múltiples antibióticos usados en la veterinaria//The problem of antibiotic resistance is considered a public and veterinary sanitary priority worldwide, for that reason the aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of antibiotic resistance against Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli coming from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea. The research was cross-sectional descriptive. 300 stool samples per rectal swab were collected from alpaca calves aging from 10 and 60 days with and without diarrhea from Peasant Communities in Huancavelica – Peru. The presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. was identified by conventional biochemical test, antibacterial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer method and 8 usual antibiotics from the veterinary market were evaluated. 100% of samples with diarrhea were positive to Escherichia coli; 40.0% Salmonella spp.; 40% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp., and samples without diarrhea 48.3% positive to Escherichia Coli; 14.0% Salmonella spp.; 9.3% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp. The CMI in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to Ampicillin (10.4 0.3), (9.3 0.2); Novomycin (11.1 0.2), (11.2 0. 1); Tetracycline (8.2 0.1), (9.2 0.3); Penicillin (9.1 0. 4), (11.1 0. 3); Gentamicin (10.1 0. 4), (10.2 0. 3) from samples with diarrhea and in samples without diarrhea resistant to Gentamicin (10.3 0.1), (8.2 0.1); Tetracycline (9.2 0.4), (8.2 0.4); Ampicillin (11.2 0.1), (9.3 0.2); Penicillin (10.2 0.4), (10.1 0.3). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli strains isolated from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea show antibacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics used in veterinary

D’quinua

D´Quinua tiene como principal objetivo ofrecer un producto que contiene a un superalimento - la quinua - como nuestro ingrediente estelar; lo que brindamos es una alternativa de alimentación saludable. Se trata de una presentación de la quinua en polenta, con diferentes sabores, principalmente dulces, teniendo los siguientes sabores: manzana, chocolate, fresa, manzana, vainilla y natural. El diseño y producción se hará a través del servicio de “maquila” lo cual nos permitirá abocarnos a promocionar las bondades de nuestro producto. Nuestro público objetivo corresponde a personas que viven en Lima Metropolitana y tienen el hábito de comer quinua dentro de su dieta normal, en cualquiera de sus presentaciones, por ende, tienen una alimentación saludable. Adicionalmente, estas personas tienen desde 26 hasta 45 años de edad y pertenecen al NSE “A” y “B”. Es importante resaltar que la quinua es un grano peruano considerado un “superalimento” por las propiedades y beneficios que aporta a nuestro organismo; en ese sentido, se trata de un ingrediente que, en su presentación de polenta, ofrece además los sabores más comerciales en el mercado que lo harán más atractivo. Actualmente, el mercado ofrece diversas marcas de quinua en grano y también en polenta, pero ninguna con la diversidad de sabores que nosotros proponemos. Presentación que puede ser utilizada en jugos, bebidas refrescantes, postres y cocteles; pudiendo prepararlo de forma instantánea. Por lo mencionado, D´Quinua busca cubrir la necesidad de una alimentación saludable de forma rápida y con una variedad de sabores al gusto de cada paladar.D´Quinua's main objective is to offer a product that contains a superfood - quinoa - as our star ingredient; what we offer is a healthy eating alternative. It is a presentation of quinoa in polenta, with different flavors, mainly sweet, having the following flavors: apple, chocolate, strawberry, apple, vanilla and natural. The design and production will be done through the "maquila" service, which will allow us to dedicate ourselves to promoting the benefits of our product. Our target audience corresponds to people who live in Metropolitan Lima and have the habit of eating quinoa within their normal diet, in any of its presentations, therefore, they have a healthy diet. Additionally, these people are from 26 to 45 years old and belong to the NSE "A" and "B". It is important to highlight that quinoa is a Peruvian grain considered a "superfood" due to the properties and benefits it brings to our body; In this sense, it is an ingredient that, in its polenta presentation, also offers the most commercial flavors on the market that will make it more attractive. Currently, the market offers various brands of quinoa in grain and also in polenta, but none with the diversity of flavors that we propose. Presentation that can be used in juices, refreshing drinks, desserts and cocktails; being able to prepare it instantly. Therefore, D´Quinua seeks to meet the need for a healthy diet quickly and with a variety of flavors to suit each palate.Trabajo de investigació

Content of Capsaicinoids and Physicochemical Characteristics of Manzano Hot Pepper Grown in Greenhouse

The hotness of the chili fruit (Capsicum spp.) is mainly due to the presence of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin). The aim of the present research was to evaluate the content of capsaicinoids and characteristics of physicochemical quality in fruits of manzano hot pepper grown in the greenhouse. The experimental design used was completely randomized with 3 and 4 replications. The parameters evaluated were total capsaicinoids, vitamin C, total carotenoids (TC), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH, firmness and color of the fruit. Among the hybrids with the highest content of total capsaicinoids and vitamin C, L4XL8 and L5XL7 (27 371 and 21 700 SHU, respectively) stand out as well as L2XL5 with 809.35 mg 100 g-1. On the other hand, L2XL3 stood out for its TC content (1 515.98 μg 100 g-1); L2XL7 and L4Xl7 stood out for the concentration of TSS, maintaining the acidity level without major changes. Additionally, L7XL8 was a material that was characterized to have fruits with greater firmness (2.31 N) and chromaticity of color (intense yellow) of 72.96. Among the evaluated hybrids, there are materials that presented fruits with physical and chemical characteristics of quality, which could be considered important from the commercial point of view or genetic improvement

CD1a autoreactive T cells recognize natural skin oils that function as headless antigens

CD1a autoreactive T cells are common in human blood and skin, but the search for natural autoantigens has been confounded by background T cell responses to CD1 proteins and self lipids. After capturing CD1a-lipid complexes, we gently eluted ligands, while preserving unliganded CD1a for testing lipids from tissues. CD1a released hundreds of ligands of two types. Inhibitory ligands were ubiquitous membrane lipids with polar headgroups, whereas stimulatory compounds were apolar oils. CD1a autoantigens naturally accumulate in epidermis and sebum, where they were identified as squalene and skin waxes. T cell activation by skin oils suggests that headless mini-antigens nest within CD1a and displace non-antigenic resident lipids with large head groups. Oily autoantigens naturally coat the skin's surface, pointing to a new mechanism of barrier immunity

TIM-1 and TIM-4 Glycoproteins Bind Phosphatidylserine and Mediate Uptake of Apoptotic Cells

SummaryThe T cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) proteins regulate T cell activation and tolerance. Here we showed that TIM-4 is expressed on human and mouse macrophages and dendritic cells, and both TIM-4 and TIM-1 specifically bound phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells but not any other phospholipid tested. TIM-4+ peritoneal macrophages, TIM-1+ kidney cells, and TIM-4- or TIM-1-transfected cells efficiently phagocytosed apoptotic cells, and phagocytosis could be blocked by TIM-4 or TIM-1 monoclonal antibodies. Mutations in the unique cavity of TIM-4 eliminated PS binding and phagocytosis. TIM-4 mAbs that blocked PS binding and phagocytosis mapped to epitopes in this binding cavity. These results show that TIM-4 and TIM-1 are immunologically restricted members of the group of receptors whose recognition of PS is critical for the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells and prevention of autoimmunity

Dynamics and features of transmission clusters of HIV-1 subtypes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

BackgroundMolecular epidemiology techniques allow us to track the HIV-1 transmission dynamics. Herein, we combined genetic, clinical and epidemiological data collected during routine clinical treatment to evaluate the dynamics and characteristics of transmission clusters of the most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted with 2,518 persons living with HIV (PLWH) from 53 cities in São Paulo state between Jan 2004 to Feb 2015. The phylogenetic tree of protease/reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) regions was reconstructed by PhyML and ClusterPicker used to infer the transmission clusters based on Shimodaira–Hasegawa (SH) greater than 90% (phylogenetic support) and genetic distance less than 6%.ResultsOf a total of 2,518 sequences, 2,260 were pure subtypes at the PR/RT region, being B (88%), F1 (8.1%), and C (4%). About 21.2% were naïve with a transmitted drug resistance (TDR) rate of 11.8%. A total of 414 (18.3%) of the sequences clustered. These clusters were less evident in subtype B (17.7%) and F1 (15.1%) than in subtype C (40.2%). Clustered sequences were from PLWH at least 5 years younger than non-clustered among subtypes B (p < 0.001) and C (p = 0.037). Men who have sex with men (MSM) predominated the cluster in subtype B (51%), C (85.7%), and F1 (63.6%; p < 0.05). The TDR rate in clustered patients was 15.4, 13.6, and 3.1% for subtypes B, F1, and C, respectively. Most of the infections in subtypes B (80%), C (64%), and F1 (59%) occurred within the state of São Paulo. The metropolitan area of São Paulo presented a high level of endogenous clustering for subtypes B and C. The São Paulo city had 46% endogenous clusters of subtype C.ConclusionOur findings showed that MSM, antiretroviral therapy in Treatment-Naive (ART-naïve) patients, and HIV1-C, played an important role in the HIV epidemic in the São Paulo state. Further studies in transmission clusters are needed to guide the prevention intervention

Relevance of gastrointestinal manifestations in a large Spanish cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: what do we know?

SLE can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI symptoms are reported to occur in >50% of SLE patients. To describe the GI manifestations of SLE in the RELESSER (Registry of SLE Patients of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology) cohort and to determine whether these are associated with a more severe disease, damage accrual and a worse prognosis. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide, retrospective, multicentre, cross-sectional cohort study of 3658 SLE patients who fulfil =4 ACR-97 criteria. Data on demographics, disease characteristics, activity (SLEDAI-2K or BILAG), damage (SLICC/ACR/DI) and therapies were collected. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between lupus patients with and without GI damage to establish whether GI damage is associated with a more severe disease. RESULTS: From 3654 lupus patients, 3.7% developed GI damage. Patients in this group (group 1) were older, they had longer disease duration, and were more likely to have vasculitis, renal disease and serositis than patients without GI damage (group 2). Hospitalizations and mortality were significantly higher in group 1. Patients in group 1 had higher modified SDI (SLICC Damage Index). The presence of oral ulcers reduced the risk of developing damage in 33% of patients. CONCLUSION: Having GI damage is associated with a worse prognosis. Patients on a high dose of glucocorticoids are at higher risk of developing GI damage which reinforces the strategy of minimizing glucocorticoids. Oral ulcers appear to decrease the risk of GI damage. © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology

Aplicaciones electroquímicas al tratamiento de aguas residuales

El presente libro tiene como finalidad compilar numerosas investigaciones en el campo de la tecnología electroquímica y sus aplicaciones ambientales, contando con la colaboración de un gran número de investigadores tanto nacionales como extranjeros, proponiendo con ello una visión amplia dentro de la aplicación de la electroquímica. Los temas que integran esta obra se escogieron cuidadosamente considerando desde los principios básicos de la electroquímica aplicada al tratamiento de aguas residuales hasta los parámetros a considerar durante el diseño, operación y evaluación de dichos sistemas, sin dejar de lado las aplicaciones utilizadas en la actualidad en la industria, la docencia y la investigación. Este libro reúne diversas temáticas por lo que puede considerarse como un compendio de aquellos elementos que el lector requiere para poder tener una visión amplia de las aplicaciones de la electroquímica en el campo del tratamiento de agua residual.En el Capítulo 1 se presenta una primera impresión de los Fundamentes de la Electroquímica Ambiental, en donde los autores explican cómo esta disciplina es una nueva área de la ciencia en donde se emplean conocimientos de Electroquímica, Ingeniería Química y Ciencia de Materiales, así como las aplicaciones específicas para la remediación ambiental. En el Capítulo 2 los autores ofrecen una descripción de los principales parámetros fisicoquímicos y biológicos que se emplean para definir a la calidad del agua. Este capítulo describe en función de qué características físicas, químicas y biológicas se puede evaluar a un agua residual así como también la aplicación de estas características como variables de control de un proceso de tratamiento y también como el empleo de ellas para limitar las concentraciones máximas permisibles de descarga de aguas residuales. El Capítulo 3 se refiere a uno de los procesos más empleados en el tratamiento de agua: la coagulación-floculación. Se aborda desde una óptica teórica hasta la descripción de un ejemplo de aplicación en la industria. Resulta importante incluir este capítulo ya que uno de los métodos más prometedores en la electroquímica ambiental es la electrocoagulación, la cual se narra en el Capítulo 6. Las bases de las celdas de laboratorio y reactores industriales electroquímicos se relatan en el Capítulo 4. En particular, se refieren las implicaciones que tienen las principales características físicas y de diseño de celdas de laboratorio y reactores electroquímicos industriales que permiten obtener transformaciones eficientes gracias a un correcto control del potencial de electrodo en estos sistemas. La implementación de procesos electroquímicos para su aplicación a nivel industrial, requiere del diseño eficiente del dispositivo central: el reactor electroquímico. Por lo que, en el Capítulo 5 se presentan los elementos de análisis de reactores electroquímicos para su diseño y caracterización. El Capítulo 7 describe bajo qué circunstancias se puede llevar a cabo el proceso de electroflotación. Los autores muestran cómo este proceso está influenciado por el pH de la solución acuosa, la densidad de corriente y el tipo de electrodos que se emplean. El lector encontrará en el Capítulo 8 las bases teóricas de uno de los procesos que involucra la química de la reacción de Fenton, así como las aplicaciones ambientales para el tratamiento de soluciones sintéticas y reales con diferentes contaminantes refractarios, tales como plaguicidas, colorantes, productos de cuidado personal, fármacos y residuos químicos industriales. En el Capítulo 9 se presentan algunos conceptos fundamentales sobre la Electrooxidación, también conocida como oxidación electroquímica, la cual está enfocada a realizar la oxidación de contaminantes presentes en aguas residuales sobre la superficie de electrodos. La tecnología para la electrogeneración de peróxido de hidrógeno y su empleo en el tratamiento de agua residual se describe en el Capítulo 10. Uno de los metales pesados que tienen un alto grado de toxicidad en el ambiente es el Cr(VI), el cual no puede ser removido por métodos convencionales por lo que una tecnología que puede emplearse en este tratamiento se relata en el Capítulo 11. En el Capítulo 12 se presentan los avances más recientes cuando se emplean los métodos electroquímicos con algún otro tipo de tratamiento, lo que ha resultado en la obtención de sinergias en los procesos, lo que implica una reducción en los costos de operación. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 13, se presenta el tema de usos y aplicaciones de sensores químicos y electroquímicos para la detección de contaminantes en agua y agua residual

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Ensayos sobre aplicación de la Teoría del Estado en las algunas culturas del Perú antiguo

Investigations of State Theory on the cultures of ancient Peru.Capítulos de libro con investigaciones de Teoría del Estado sobre las culturas del Perú antiguo, realizado por docentes y estudiantes de la Escuela Profesional de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno.