Assessment of the food available to cape anchovy during their spawning season

The Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis spawns serially between September and February each year on the western Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Food availability in terms of copepod biomass is important for successfulspawning and subsequent recruitment. This note investigates the variability within a spawning season (1993/94 and 1994/95) of copepod biomass on the western Bank and demonstrates that the food available to the Capeanchovy cannot be adequately assessed by a single mid-season estimate, as was the previous sampling strategy. The mid-season estimate of food availability failed to reveal important fluctuations, such as the small biomass of copepods in January 1994, which contributed to the early cessation of spawning and subsequent poor recruitment in 1994. A strategy, based on monthly sampling, is recommended for future sampling programmes

Impact of meltwater on high-latitude early Last Interglacial climate

Recent data compilations of the early Last Interglacial period have indicated a bipolar temperature response at 130 ka, with colder-than-present temperatures in the North Atlantic and warmer-than-present temperatures in the Southern Ocean and over Antarctica. However, climate model simulations of this period have been unable to reproduce this response, when only orbital and greenhouse gas forcings are considered in a climate model framework. Using a full-complexity general circulation model we perform climate model simulations representative of 130 ka conditions which include a magnitude of freshwater forcing derived from data at this time. We show that this meltwater from the remnant Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the glacial-interglacial transition produces a modelled climate response similar to the observed colder-than-present temperatures in the North Atlantic at 130 ka and also results in warmer-than-present temperatures in the Southern Ocean via the bipolar seesaw mechanism. Further simulations in which the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is also removed lead to warming in East Antarctica and the Southern Ocean but do not appreciably improve the model-data comparison. This integrated model-data approach provides evidence that Northern Hemisphere freshwater forcing is an important player in the evolution of early Last Interglacial climate.This work was carried out with funding from the UK-NERC consortium iGlass (NE/I009906/1) and is also a contribution to the European Union’s Seventh Framework programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement 243908, “Past4Future. Climate change – Learning from the past climate”. This is Past4Future contribution no. 85

Evaluating the impact of clinical librarian services in the North West

BackgroundClinical librarians “provide quality assured information to health professionals at the point of need to support clinical decision making”, (Hill, 2008) and in the UK tend to follow an outreach model which delivers services such as literature searching and training across hospital Trusts (Brettle et al 2011). A number of systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of clinical librarians (Weightman, Urquhart, Spink, & Thomas 2008; Winning & Beverley 2003) but have found them lacking. A review conducted by a group of librarians within the North West; examined methods of evaluating clinical librarian services as well as providing an update of the literature on effectiveness (Brettle et al 2011). This report describes a follow up study to the North West systematic review which seeks to put its recommendations into practice and aims to:•Undertake a rigorous mixed methods evaluation study on the impact of Clinical Librarian services in the North West health region.Objectives•To use a framework that ensures consistent and robust data is collected across all NHS Trusts, providing an increased body of evidence.•To test the use of the MAP (Making Alignment a Priority) Toolkit in ensuring that evaluations meet organisational objectives.•To build research capacity amongst a group of clinical librariansMethodsThis evaluation study was based on best available evidence on how to conduct evaluations in this field (Brettle et al 2011). The services provided by Clinical librarians (CLs) are considered a complex intervention made up of a number of elements and wide ranging potential outcomes which are affected by other factors within the organisation. An experimental design to ascertain their effectiveness and impact is inappropriate and would be compromised by a wide range of confounding variables. This study is therefore based on the premise that CLs contribute to a range of outcomes and organisational objectives. A critical incident technique (CIT) was therefore used to understand and collect data on these contributions and their impact using a mixed methods approach.A regionwide survey linked to organisational outcomes was used to collect data on all uses of the CL service over a 6 month period. This was followed by structured interviews with service users from the subsequent 6 month period to triangulate, illustrate, and illuminate the questionnaire findings.Built into the design of the study was a capacity building element to improve research and evaluation skills in a group of clinical librarians. The research was undertaken with the librarians who participated in a number of ways e.g. questionnaire design, conducting interviews, analysing data, presenting results, receiving training and using standardised tools as appropriate throughout.ResultsA total of 10 librarians took part, representing 16 Trusts. They sent out 779 questionnaires over a 6 month period (all users of the service in this time). Then 24 interviews were conducted with a purposive sample which covered a range of Trusts and professionals who had used the service in the subsequent 6 month period. Over 340 critical incidents were collected which demonstrated that CLs contribute to a wide range of outcomes. The outcomes were separated into 6 categories which reflected NHS priorities and objectives: Decision making and evidence based practice; Patient centred care and health outcomes; Quality of care; Service development; Continuing professional development (CPD); Efficiency, financial or risk management. Within each of these categories, data on more specific outcomes were collected.The 10 most reported impacts and the number of times they were reported are listed in the chart below.In line with the services traditionally provided by NHS library services the majority of these fall within the Continuing Professional Development and the Decision Making and Evidence Based Practice categories of outcomes. However, it is of significant note that based on responses to the question “Did the service provided contribute to…”:•1/3 incidents demonstrated that CLs contribute directly to patient outcomes such as diagnosis and choice of intervention or test.•1/4 incidents demonstrated that CLs contribute directly to improvements in quality of life, increased patient involvement in decision making and improved access to patient information.•1/4 incidents demonstrated that CLs contribute to cost savings and risk management and more specifically 20% in avoiding tests, referrals and readmissions and 14% in reducing length of stay (LoS).The questionnaires also provided evidence on what outcomes the CLs “may contribute to in the future”. The responses to these were even higher, with the interviews suggesting that the reason for this is that much of the information provided will contribute to outcomes over the long term, e.g. guideline development.The interviews illustrated the complexity of the incidents and the wide range of outcomes to which the CLs contribute from one incident. In addition, the interviews illuminated how these contributions are made.The questionnaire proved to be a useful tool for collecting outcome data, but feedback from participants and data from the interviews demonstrated that some refinements need to be made.The study was successful in further developing the research skills of the clinical librarians involved in the project. ConclusionsClinical librarians contribute to a wide range of outcomes including those which affect direct patient care and save money within NHS organisations.The multi-method approach was successful in aligning CL contributions to organisational outcomes and providing more detail about the CL contribution than previous studies.Recommendations for a revised questionnaire and a common data set are made. Future evaluations are urged to use this approach and collect data on the same outcomes which will further add to the evidence base about the effectiveness and impact of clinical librarians

Atomic-Scale Picture of the Composition, Decay, and Oxidation of Two-Dimensional Radioactive Films

Two-dimensional radioactive (125)I monolayers are a recent development that combines the fields of radiochemistry and nanoscience. These Au-supported monolayers show great promise for understanding the local interaction of radiation with 2D molecular layers, offer different directions for surface patterning, and enhance the emission of chemically and biologically relevant low-energy electrons. However, the elemental composition of these monolayers is in constant flux due to the nuclear transmutation of (125)I to (125)Te, and their precise composition and stability under ambient conditions has yet to be elucidated. Unlike I, which is stable and unreactive when bound to Au, the newly formed Te atoms would be expected to be more reactive. We have used electron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to quantify the emitted electron energies and to track the film composition in vacuum and the effect of exposure to ambient conditions. Our results reveal that the Auger electrons emitted during the ultrafast radioactive decay process have a kinetic energy corresponding to neutral Te. By combining XPS and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments with density functional theory, we are able to identify the reaction of newly formed Te to TeO2 and its subsequent dimerization. The fact that the Te2O4 units stay intact during major lateral rearrangement of the monolayer illustrates their stability. These results provide an atomic-scale picture of the composition and mobility of surface species in a radioactive monolayer as well as an understanding of the stability of the films under ambient conditions, which is a critical aspect in their future applications