La maîtrise de la croissance des dépenses : un facteur clé pour des finances publiques saines.

Une augmentation non maîtrisée des dépenses publiques coïncide en général avec la persistance de déficits publics élevés ; cet article explore donc l’intérêt de pratiquer une règle de dépenses publiques pour assainir les finances publiques.Dépenses publiques, politique budgétaire, pacte de stabilité et de croissance.

Fiscal sustainability and policy implications for the euro area.

In this paper we examine the sustainability of euro area public finances against the backdrop of population ageing. We critically assess the widely used projections of the Working Group on Ageing Populations (AWG) of the EU's Economic Policy Committee and argue that ageing costs may be higher than projected in the AWG reference scenario. Taking into account adjusted headline estimates for ageing costs, largely based upon the sensitivity analysis carried out by the AWG, we consider alternative indicators to quantify sustainability gaps for euro area countries. With respect to the policy implications, we assess the appropriateness of different budgetary strategies to restore fiscal sustainability taking into account intergenerational equity. Our stylised analysis based upon the lifetime contribution to the government's primary balance of different generations suggests that an important degree of pre-funding of the ageing costs is necessary to avoid shifting the burden of adjustment in a disproportionate way to future generations. For many euro area countries this implies that the medium-term targets defined in the context of the revised stability and growth pact would ideally need to be revised upwards to significant surpluses.Population Ageing ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Generational Accounting ; Medium-term Objectives for Fiscal Policy

Fiscal sustainability and policy implications for the euro area

In this paper we examine the sustainability of euro area public finances against the backdrop of population ageing. We critically assess the widely used projections of the Working Group on Ageing Populations (AWG) of the EU's Economic Policy Committee and argue that ageing costs may be higher than projected in the AWG reference scenario. Taking into account adjusted headline estimates for ageing costs, largely based upon the sensitivity analysis carried out by the AWG, we consider alternative indicators to quantify sustainability gaps for euro area countries. With respect to the policy implications, we assess the appropriateness of different budgetary strategies to restore fiscal sustainability taking into account intergenerational equity. Our stylised analysis based upon the lifetime contribution to the government's primary balance of different generations suggests that an important degree of pre-funding of the ageing costs is necessary to avoid shifting the burden of adjustment in a disproportionate way to future generations. For many euro area countries this implies that the medium-term targets defined in the context of the revised stability and growth pact would ideally need to be revised upwards to significant surpluses. JEL Classification: H55, H60Fiscal sustainability, generational accounting, mediumterm objectives for fiscal policy, Population ageing

Fiscal sustainability and policy implications for the euro area

In this paper we examine the sustainability of euro area public finances against the backdrop of population ageing. We critically assess the widely used projections of the Working Group on Ageing Populations (AWG) of the EU's Economic Policy Committee and argue that ageing costs may be higher than projected in the AWG reference scenario. Taking into account adjusted headline estimates for ageing costs, largely based upon the sensitivity analysis carried out by the AWG, we consider alternative indicators to quantify sustainability gaps for euro area countries. With respect to the policy implications, we assess the appropriateness of different budgetary strategies to restore fiscal sustainability taking into account intergenerational equity. Our stylised analysis based upon the lifetime contribution to the government's primary balance of different generations suggests that an important degree of pre-funding of the ageing costs is necessary to avoid shifting the burden of adjustment in a disproportionate way to future generations. For many euro area countries this implies that the medium-term targets defined in the context of the revised stability and growth pact would ideally need to be revised upwards to significant surpluses.population ageing, fiscal sustainability, generational accounting, medium-term objectives for fiscal policy

Fiscal sustainability and policy implications for the euro area

In this paper we examine the sustainability of euro area public finances against the backdrop of population ageing. We critically assess the widely used projections of the Working Group on Ageing Populations (AWG) of the EU's Economic Policy Committee and argue that ageing costs may be higher than projected in the AWG reference scenario. Taking into account adjusted headline estimates for ageing costs, largely based upon the sensitivity analysis carried out by the AWG, we consider alternative indicators to quantify sustainability gaps for euro area countries. With respect to the policy implications, we assess the appropriateness of different budgetary strategies to restore fiscal sustainability taking into account intergenerational equity. Our stylised analysis based upon the lifetime contribution to the government's primary balance of different generations suggests that an important degree of pre-funding of the ageing costs is necessary to avoid shifting the burden of adjustment in a disproportionate way to future generations. For many euro area countries this implies that the medium-term targets defined in the context of the revised stability and growth pact would ideally need to be revised upwards to significant surpluses. --population ageing,fiscal sustainability,generational accounting,medium-term objectives for fiscal policy

Les effets des débats à visée philosophique à partir d'œuvres de littérature de jeunesse sur le rapport au savoir

Partant de la difficulté scolaire, ce mémoire a pour objectif de mesurer les effets des débats à visée philosophique à partir d'œuvres de littérature de jeunesse sur le rapport au savoir. À travers un cadre théorique qui explore trois dimensions liées à ce sujet, le rapport au savoir, les débats à visée philosophique et la littérature de jeunesse, nous avons pu faire émerger une problématique : la réflexion à visée philosophique à partir d'œuvres de littérature de jeunesse porteuses de sens peut-elle favoriser un rapport au savoir positif ? Celle-ci nous a amené à élaborer une méthodologie de recherche qui lie théorique et pratique, à travers des observations sur le terrain et des entretiens avec des acteurs de l'éducation. Nous avons pu ainsi recueillir des données qui ont été exploitées et analysées afin de répondre à cette question

Contribution à la mise en oeuvre d'estimateurs d'erreur pour les problèmes de contact dans un logiciel industriel.

In the field of mechanical engineering, numerical simulation has become an indispensable tool to predict the response of a structure to mechanical load.The simulation allows to reduce conception costs using numerical models instead of costly prototypes.Engineers use increasingly complex structures; it is now common to treat structures composed of several deformable components interacting. The studies carried out in this work are based on the equations of continuum mechanics with contact.However, these numerical simulations involve a discretized version of a continuous mathematical model (finite element analysis). Therefore, they lead only to an approximation of the exact solution of the reference problem.In an industrial context, the results of a finite element calculation must satisfy certain quality requirements. The purpose of an error estimation is to evaluate the distance between the exact solution and an approximate solution of the problem.Methods for evaluating the global error due to the problem's discretization have been studied for several years. However the use of error estimation tools is still not widespread in industry (availability in industrial softwares , reliability, calculation costs, difficulty of use ...)The objective of this work is to propose a parallelized estimation method based on the concept of constitutive relation error, adapted to industrial constraints. Furthermore, to make it quickly available for design office, the choice was made to develop the method directly in the industrial software SAMCEF during the ANR project ROMMA.La simulation numérique est devenue un outil omniprésent dans les milieux industriels. En particulier, dans le domaine de l’ingénierie mécanique où l’objectif est de prévoir la réponse d'une structure à des sollicitations. La simulation est dans ce cas une aide au dimensionnement qui permet de réduire le développement de prototypes coûteux. Les systèmes étudiés en bureau d’études étant de plus en plus complexes, il est courant de traiter des structures comportant plusieurs composants déformables en interaction. Le contexte d’étude repose donc sur les équations de la mécanique des milieux continus avec prise en compte du contact. Cependant, l’obtention des solutions exactes de ce système d’équation aux dérivées partielles n’est en général pas envisageable. L’obtention d’une solution passe par l'utilisation d’une discrétisation du modèle. Ainsi le résultat obtenu est une approximation de la solution exacte du problème traité. En situation industrielle il est nécessaire de pouvoir contrôler la qualité de ce résultat approché, c’est à dire mesurer l’écart entre la solution exacte (inconnue) et la solution approchée (disponible), ce sont des outils de vérification. Il existe de nombreux travaux sur l’estimation d’erreur permettant d’évaluer l’écart entre les solutions exactes et approchées. Malgré cela, l’utilisation des outils de vérification (estimateur de l’erreur commise) reste encore peu répandue dans l’industrie (disponibilité dans les codes de calculs, fiabilité, coûts de calcul, difficulté d’utilisation …) Dans ce travail, nous proposons une méthode d’estimation d’erreur, basée sur le concept d’erreur en relation de comportement, parallélisable et permettant s’adapter aux contraintes industrielles (pertes d’information, problèmes mal connus …). De plus, afin de la rendre l’outil rapidement disponible en bureau d’étude, le choix a été fait de développer la méthode directement dans le code de calcul industriel SAMCEF lors du projet ANR ROMMA

Redesign of the conceptual bases of the Club Amigo brand

En la economía globalizada actual resulta fundamental diferenciar los productos propios de los de la competencia. Para ello es esencial contar con una marca que posea capacidad distintiva, y que le brinde valor al cliente y la industria de la hotelería no es ajena a esto. En Cuba, el objetivo principal de la creación de marcas es homogenizar los estándares de calidad y servicios en los hoteles de las diferentes cadenas, dejando de lado la necesidad de medir cuán distintiva es la marca en el mercado para garantizar un buen posicionamiento. Por ello, rediseñar las bases conceptuales de la marca Club Amigo del Grupo Hotelero Cubanacán para diferenciarla en el mercado, es el objetivo fundamental de esta investigación. Y con este fin, se realizó el estudio en uno de los hoteles que la integran, empleándose diferentes métodos y técnicas de investigación que permitieron determinar los atributos y beneficios que favorecerían al rediseño, tales como el análisis y síntesis, inducción/deducción, el histórico-lógico, la revisión bibliográfica y documental, así como, la encuesta, el Mapa de posicionamiento, la Matriz de evaluación y jerarquización de atributos, y el Criterio de expertos. Además, se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas-matemáticas como el muestreo, el Alpha de Cronbach, el análisis de frecuencias, el coeficiente de experticia, y el coeficiente de Kendall. Los resultados obtenidos, posibilitaron el rediseño de la conceptualización de la marca Club Amigo de manera tal, que pueda ser identificada por los clientes que opten por ella y que se diferencie de otras marcas.In today's globalized economy it is essential to differentiate your own products from those of your competition. For this, it is essential to have a brand that has distinctive capacity, and that provides value to the client and the hospitality industry is no stranger to this. In Cuba, the main objective of brand creation is to homogenize the quality and service standards in the hotels of the different chains, leaving aside the need to measure how distinctive the brand is in the market to guarantee a good positioning. For this reason, redesigning the conceptual bases of the Club Amigo brand of the Cubanacan Hotel Group to differentiate it in the market is the fundamental objective of this research. And for this purpose, the study was carried out in one of the hotels that comprise it, using different research methods and techniques that allowed determining the attributes and benefits that would favor the redesign, such as analysis and synthesis, induction/deduction, the historical-logical, the bibliographic and documentary review, as well as the survey, the Positioning Map, the evaluation matrix and hierarchy of attributes, and the Expert Criterion. In addition, statistical-mathematical techniques such as sampling, Cronbach's Alpha, frequency analysis, the coefficient of expertise, and the Kendall coefficient were used. The results obtained made it possible to redesign the conceptualization of the Club Amigo brand in such a way that it can be identified by customers who choose it and that it differs from other brands

Satisfaction with Life Scale among adolescents and young adults in Portugal: extending evidence of construct validity

The paper presents three empirical studies designed to extend the test of the construct validity of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) among Portuguese students. In the first study, the responses of 461 elementary and secondary education students were submitted to a principal component analysis. A solution of one single factor was chosen, accounting for 55.7 % of the total variance, with Cronbach alpha coefficient and inter-item correlation above .70 and .20, respectively. The second study used a sample of 317 undergraduate students and registered a similar factor solution for SWLS (/pq = 0.99), which accounted for 65.6 % of the total variance (Cronbach alpha .89 and inter-item correlation above .20). A test–retest analysis registered coefficients of .70 (T2) and .77 (T3) and no significant statistically differences between T2, T3 and T1. The third study used a sample of 107 foster care youths from elementary and secondary education. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate adequate fit indexes for the one-factor solution (v2/df = 2.70, GFI = .96, CFI = .96), which showed convergent validity, reliability and homogeneity. In conclusion, there is psychometric evidence for the one-factor structure of the SWLS in Portugal.FCTCOMPET