Presencia de B-lactamasas de espectro extendido en enterobacterias aisladas de casos de infección nosocomial

Las enterobacterias son los microorganismos etiologicos mas frecuentemente asociados a las infecciones nosocomiales (in), caracterizandose por su alta resistencia a los antibioticos B-lactamicos, mediada por la produccion de B-lactamasas de Espectro Extendido (blee). Su uso excesivo aumenta la seleccion de cepas multirresistentes, favoreciendo su propagacion e incremento de las complicaciones de casos de in. En algunos casos las cepas productoras de blee presentan resistencia adicional a aminoglucosidos, quinolonas, tetraciclinas y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, reduciendo las opciones terapeuticas de las in. Con la finalidad de conocer localmente la magnitud de este problema, se estudiaron 87 cepas de enterobacterias aisladas de casos de in, encontrandose que el 26.43% son productoras de blee y en este caso fenotipicamente multirresistentes

Resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación en enterobacterias productoras de infecciones nosocomiales y caracterización preliminar de los plásmidos involucrados

Se estudiaron 68 cepas de enterobacterias productoras de infecciones nosocomiales, en su mayoría (63%) Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae. El 40% fueron resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación, en su mayoría a dos o tres de ellas. El 24% fueron resistentes a la única cefalosporina de cuarta generación ensayada. Casi todas las cepas resistentes a cefepima también lo fueron a las tres cefalosporinas de tercera generación ensayadas. El taxón con mayor frecuencia de cepas resistentes fue K. pneumoniae y la resistencia fue transferible in vitro en poco más del 50% de las cepas, pero en general no pasaron todos los marcadores de resistencia. Cada transconjugante presentó un solo plásmido y en 7 casos analizados mediante restricción se obtuvieron perfiles similares a pesar de tener patrones de resistencia diferentes

Avaliação da marcação de células-tronco mesenquimais de cordão umbilical com nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com Dextran e complexadas a Poli-L-Lisina

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the labeling of umbilical cord vein derived mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextran and complexed to a non-viral transfector agent transfector poly-L-lysine. METHODS: The labeling of mesenchymal stem cells was performed using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran complexed and not complexed to poly-L-lysine. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran was incubated with poly-L-lysine in an ultrasonic sonicator at 37°C for 10 minutes for complex formation superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine by electrostatic interaction. Then, the mesenchymal stem cells were incubated overnight with the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran. After the incubation period the mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated by internalization of the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran by Prussian Blue stain. Cellular viability of labeled mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated by cellular proliferation assay using 5,6-carboxy-fluorescein-succinimidyl ester method and apoptosis detection by Annexin V- Propidium Iodide assay. RESULTS: mesenchymal stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran without poly-L-lysine not internalized efficiently the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles due to its low presence detected within cells. Mesenchymal stem cells labeled with the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine efficiently internalized the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles due to greater presence in the cells interior. The viability and apoptosis assays demonstrated that the mesenchymal stem cells labeled and not labeled respectively with the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine continue to proliferate over seven days and the percentage of cells in early or late apoptosis is low compared to the percentage of live cells over the three days. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the use of poly-L-lysine complexed with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran provides better internalization of these superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in mesenchymal stem cells Thus, we demonstrated that this type of labeling is not cytotoxic to the mesenchymal stem cells, since the viability and apoptosis assays showed that the cells remain alive and proliferating. The efficiency of this type of labeling in mesenchymal stem cells can provide non-invasive methods for monitoring these cells in vivo.OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da marcação de células-tronco mesenquimais obtidas da parede da veia do cordão umbilical com nanopartículas de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas recobertas com dextran e complexadas a um agente transfector não viral denominado de Poli-L-Lisina. MÉTODOS: A marcação das células-tronco mesenquimais foi realizada utilizando as nanopartículas de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas recobertas com dextran complexadas e não complexadas a Poli-L-Lisina. As nanopartículas de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas recobertas com dextran foram incubadas com o Poli-L-Lisina em um sonicador ultrassonico a 37ºC por 10 minutos, para a formação do complexo através de interação eletrostática. Em seguida, as células-tronco mesenquimais foram incubadas overnight com as nanopartículas de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas complexadas e não com Poli-L-Lisina. Após o período de incubação as células-tronco mesenquimais foram avaliadas quanto à internalização do complexo nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran/Poli-L-Lisina e nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran através de ensaio citoquímico com azul de prússia. A viabilidade celular das células-tronco mesenquimais marcadas foi avaliada através do ensaio de proliferação celular utilizando o método de 5,6-carboxy-fluorescein-succinimidyl-ester e de morte celular através do método de anexina-iodeto de propídeo, ambos utilizando o recurso de citometria de fluxo. RESULTADOS: Observamos nos ensaios citoquímicos que as células-tronco mesenquimais que foram marcadas com as nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran sem a Poli-L-Lisina, não internalizaram com eficiência as nanopartículas devido pouca detecção de sua presença no interior das células. As células-tronco mesenquimais marcadas com o complexo nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran/Poli-L-Lisina internalizaram com eficiência as nanopartículas devido à maior presença destas no interior das células. Os ensaios de viabilidade e morte celular demonstraram respectivamente que as células-tronco mesenquimais marcadas com as nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran/Poli-L-Lisina continuam proliferando ao longo de sete dias e a porcentagem de células em apoptose inicial e tardia é baixa em relação à porcentagem de células vivas ao longo de três dias. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciamos através de nossos resultados a necessidade da utilização da Poli-L-Lisina complexada com a nanopartícula de óxido de ferro superparamagnéticas /dextran para melhor internalização nas células-tronco mesenquimais. Paralelamente, demonstramos que este tipo de marcação não é citotóxico para as células-tronco mesenquimais já que os testes de morte e viabilidade celular mostraram que as células continuam vivas e proliferando

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

BACTERIAS ANAEROBIAS: GENERALIDADES Y BACILOS GRAM NEGATIVOS

Sólo visión Proyectabl

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

Producción de ácido giberélico a partir de Gibberella fujikuroi utilizando lodo residual municipal como sustrato

Objetivo. Utilizar lodos residuales municipales (LRM) provenientes de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales ubicada en Toluca, Estado de México, para cultivar al hongo Gibberella fujikuroi en fermentación sumergida y producir ácido giberélico (AG3). Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó Gibberella fujikuroi (CDBB:268). Para la obtención de AG3 se verificó la producción empleando como sustrato al medio de cultivo estándar (MCE). La determinación de (AG3) fue por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) con un equipo Varian, 9050,9012. Se obtuvieron 6 muestras de lodos de una planta tratadora de aguas residuales en Toluca, Estado de México y fueron caracterizados. Finalmente ambos sustratos (LRM y MCE) se usaron en fermentación sumergida y por extracción se obtuvo el AG3 cuantificado por HPLC. Resultados. La caracterización del LRM demostró que el contenido de materia orgánica (MO) es de 5.20 % (m/v) y nitrógeno total (NT) de 0.25 % (m/v), dicha composición está dentro del rango como sustrato para la producción del AG3 por Gibberella fujikuroi. El hongo se cultivó durante 3, 8, 13 y 30 días utilizando lodo residual estéril con una humedad del 95.6 %(m/v) y en medio de cultivo estándar (MCE), las muestras se procesaron y analizaron por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), donde la producción de AG3 en el LRM fue de 460.06 mg/L para 30 días en fermentación sumergida a un pH de 4.0 y 1014.46 mg/L para el control. Conclusiones. El contenido nutritivo del LRM es adecuado para el crecimiento del hongo Gibberella fujikuroi y la producción de AG3 empleando como sustrato LRM

Analysis of Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards for Residential General Service Lighting in Chile

Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS) have been chosen as part of Chile's national energy efficiency action plan. As a first MEPS, the Ministry of Energy has decided to focus on a regulation for lighting that would ban the sale of inefficient bulbs, effectively phasing out the use of incandescent lamps. Following major economies such as the US (EISA, 2007) , the EU (Ecodesign, 2009) and Australia (AS/NZS, 2008) who planned a phase out based on minimum efficacy requirements, the Ministry of Energy has undertaken the impact analysis of a MEPS on the residential lighting sector. Fundacion Chile (FC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) collaborated with the Ministry of Energy and the National Energy Efficiency Program (Programa Pais de Eficiencia Energetica, or PPEE) in order to produce a techno-economic analysis of this future policy measure. LBNL has developed for CLASP (CLASP, 2007) a spreadsheet tool called the Policy Analysis Modeling System (PAMS) that allows for evaluation of costs and benefits at the consumer level but also a wide range of impacts at the national level, such as energy savings, net present value of savings, greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reductions and avoided capacity generation due to a specific policy. Because historically Chile has followed European schemes in energy efficiency programs (test procedures, labelling program definitions), we take the Ecodesign commission regulation No 244/2009 as a starting point when defining our phase out program, which means a tiered phase out based on minimum efficacy per lumen category. The following data were collected in order to perform the techno-economic analysis: (1) Retail prices, efficiency and wattage category in the current market, (2) Usage data (hours of lamp use per day), and (3) Stock data, penetration of efficient lamps in the market. Using these data, PAMS calculates the costs and benefits of efficiency standards from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) The Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) calculation examines costs and benefits from the perspective of the individual household; and (2) The National Perspective projects the total national costs and benefits including both financial benefits, and energy savings and environmental benefits. The national perspective calculations are called the National Energy Savings (NES) and the Net Present Value (NPV) calculations. PAMS also calculate total emission mitigation and avoided generation capacity. This paper describes the data and methodology used in PAMS and presents the results of the proposed phase out of incandescent bulbs in Chile

OXIDACIÓN DE MATERIA ORGÁNICA PERSISTENTE EN AGUAS RESIDUALES INDUSTRIALES MEDIANTE TRATAMIENTOS ELECTROQUÍMICOS

El objetivo de esta investigación fue implementar un sistema electroquímico, mediante tratamientos de electrocoagulación, empleando electrodos de hierro y oxidación anódica directa (OAD), empleando electrodos de diamante dopados con boro (DDB), para tratar aguas residuales provenientes de una planta de tratamiento que recibe las descargas de 144 empresas de diferentes giros, de la zona industrial Toluca-Lerma, México. Los resultados de estos tratamientos, indicaron una remoción del 99% de la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), 99% de color y 97% de turbidez, en un tiempo de 2 h. En el sistema acoplado, la electrocoagulación removió las partículas coloidales y suspendidas y la OAD, permitió la degradación de materia orgánica persistente. Se determinó la cantidad de lodos generados en el sistema y se caracterizaron por microscopia electrónica de barrido y análisis elemental. Se concluye que los métodos electroquímicos resultan ser aplicables y eficientes en la degradación compuestos que no son fácilmente biodegradables