Profile Monitor SEM's for the NuMI Beam at FNAL

The Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) project will extract 120 GeV protons from the FNAL Main Injector in 8.56usec spills of 4E13 protons every 1.9 sec. We have designed secondary emission monitor (SEM) detectors to measure beam profile and halo along the proton beam transport line. The SEM?s are Ti foils 5um in thickness segmented in either 1?mm or 0.5?mm pitch strips, resulting in beam loss ~5E-6. We discuss aspects of the mechanical design, calculations of expected beam heating, and results of a beam test at the 8 GeV transport line to MiniBoone at FNAL.Comment: to appear in proceedings of 11th Beam Instrumentation Workshop, Oak Ridge, T

Development of a Study Skills Handbook for the Elementary Grades at Waterloo Central School

Study skills are essential to academic success, however, there is often little communication between teachers as to what skills have been taught at various education levels. This paper asserts the importance of early instruction in study skills and describes the development of a study skills handbook for standardizing and improving instruction for elementary level students at a Central New York public school. First, a committee of teachers created a list of vital study skills. This list was then used to construct a questionnaire, which was distributed at a faculty meeting to gauge the emphasis teachers placed on each skill at their respective grade levels. A follow-up questionnaire surveyed the teachers about the methods used to introduce and improve these skills. The author and several committee members then tabulated the results of these surveys, which were examined and analyzed by the committee to determine handbook content. Analysis showed that a general lack of communication between teachers led to some duplicate instruction of some study skills and inadequate instruction of others. The author recommends using the handbook at all grade levels to prevent this inconsistency, and offers several recommendations for evaluating the handbooks usefulness. Appendices include the handbook text, as well as the surveys used to gather data

ВНУТРЕННЕЕ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛЕ, ЗАХВАТЫВАЮЩИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОНЫ ПУСТОТЫ, МЕРТВЫЕ ЭЛЕКТРОНЫ И УВЕЛИЧЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПРИ ФТОРИРОВАНИИ

We propose a model that allows an understanding of the nature of electron traps in π-onjugated polymers that are used in photovoltaic devices. It is assumed that the free-cavity voids in the polar π-conjugated polymer exhibit electron-accepting affinity and are filled with electrons, called  erein as ‘dead’ electrons because they are hold by a static random internal electric field and are not driven to the cathode by external built-in voltage. As a result, the dead electrons into electron-trapping voids are unsuitable for use in the external circuit of organic solar cells. As justified here, the exciton dissociation on the surfaces of voids, the capture of drift electrons by voids, the emerging of the dead electrons and their non-geminate recombination are the main obstacles to create highly efficient polymer solar cells. The model of dead electrons allows explaining the increase in the power conversion efficiency of solar cells caused by the polymer fluorination, side-chain polymer manipulation, and dopant-controlled trap-filling. Some characteristics of hybrid P3HT:CdSe solar cells are also analyzed with the help of this model.Предложена модель, позволяющая понять природу электронных ловушек в π-сопряженных полимерах, которые используются в фотоэлектрических устройствах. Предполагается, что пустоты со свободными полостями в полярном π-сопряженном полимере проявляют электроноакцепторные свойства и заполняются электронами, которые названы здесь «мертвыми» электронами, так как они удерживаются статическим случайным внутренним электрическим полем и не направляются к катоду с помощью внешнего напряжения. В результате, захваченные пустотами мертвые электроны непригодны для использования во внешней цепи органических солнечных элементов. Обосновано, что диссоциация экситонов на поверхности пустот, захват электронов пустотами при дрейфе к катоду, появление мертвых электронов и их негеминальная рекомбинация являются главными препятствиями при создании высокоэффективных полимерных солнечных элементов. Модель мертвых электронов позволяет объяснить увеличение эффективности преобразования энергии солнечных элементов, вызванное фторированием полимера, изменением боковых цепей полимера и наполнением ловушек добавками растворителей. Некоторые характеристики гибридных P3HT:CdSe солнечных элементов также анализируются с помощью этой модели.

THz parametric gain in semiconductor superlattices in the absence of electric domains

We theoretically show that conditions for THz gain and conditions for formation of destructive electric domains in semiconductor superlattices are fairly different in the case of parametric generation and amplification. Action of an unbiased high-frequency electric field on a superlattice causes a periodic variation of energy and effective mass of miniband electrons. This parametric effect can result in a significant gain at some even harmonic of the pump frequency without formation of electric domains and corruption from pump harmonics.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Accepted to Appl. Phys. Let

Theoretical backgrounds of nonlinear THz spectroscopy of semiconductor superlattices

We consider terahertz absorption and gain in a single miniband of semiconductor superlattice subject to a bichromatic electric field in the most general case of commensurate frequencies of the probe and pump fields. Using an exact solution of Boltzmann transport equation, we show that in the small-signal limit the formulas for absorption always contain two distinct terms related to the parametric and incoherent interactions of miniband electrons with the alternating pump field. It provides a theoretical background for a control of THz gain without switching to the negative differential conductivity state. For pedagogical reasons we present derivations of formulas in detail.Comment: 14 page

High-Energy X-ray Radiation Registration Model

It is proved the necessity for carrying out computing experiments according to the mean value and the square of registered X-ray photons absorbed energy of in a scintillation detector. The offered imitation model of the transfer and registration of high-energy X-ray radiation in a sensing volume of CsI and CdWO[4] scintillation detectors is based on a Monte Carlo method. The model considers leakage of secondary photons and electrons. It is offered approaches to justification of adequacy of the developed model of a high-energy X-ray radiation registration

Limitations of rights of land plot owners: where is the boundary between reasonability and abuse?

The article proves that expansion of the list of the grounds for withdrawal of land plots for public needs (or limitation of rights of private owners by establishing public easements) caused by the processes of urbanization and globalization has not led to creation of an adequate system of guarantees of human rights. In this regard, the authors propose a range of measures to increase public participation in decision making as well as creation of a new legal framework of “private-public” interests and legal entities expressing them and performing a range of public functions, however, having also their own interests that often do not coincide with either private (those of land owners) or public (those of residents of settlements) interests. These legal entities must not be granted the authorities to make decisions limiting the rights of private land owners

Features of X-ray Absorption Densitometry of Large-size Objects with Variable Thickness

Features of formation and processing of the primary radiometric signals in the digital high-energy X-ray absorption densitometers for the homogeneous objects with variable thickness are examined. The densitometer's equation based on the polynomial approximation of the object's ray thickness dependence from its mass thickness is proposed. Guidance to select the capacity of the analog-digital converter is given. There is one example of the densitometer's equation coefficients calculation to examine the carbon, aluminum and steel wares with the mass density from 15 to 80 g/cm{2}. It was shown that disagreement of the experimental and estimated values of the ray thickness for the similar mass thicknesses of the testing object is conditioned by the scattered radiation. On the high-energy digital radiography set with the X-ray source - the betatron MIB-4.5/9 the accuracy of the experimental estimation of the density was within 0.0086 g/cm{3} for the steel ware thickness from 25 to 100 mm