Long-Term Observation of <em>In Vitro</em>-Derived Malus Sylvestris (L.) Mill., the Path from the Bud to the Tree

The European wild apple (Malus sylvestris L.), a wild contributor to the domesticated apple, belongs to the endangered species in the Czech Republic. Thus, an efficient protocol was developed for in vitro plantlet regeneration using the post-dormant buds. The highest shoot induction was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg.l−1 BAP, 5 mg.l−1 GA and 0.1 mg.l−1 IBA. Shoot multiplication and elongation took place on the same medium with 0.2 mg.l−1 BAP and 0.1 mg.l−1 IBA. Indole-3-butyric acid at 0.5 mg.l−1 was most effective for rooting. The micropropagated plantlets were successfully acclimatized in greenhouse conditions and were transplanted into soil in forest. Finally, qualitative and quantitative parameters of tissue culture-derived plants were evaluated. Monitoring of in vitro plantings on experimental trials suggests that micropropagated wild apple trees retain the growth characteristics of generative individuals

Public-Good Game: An experiment

Díky hře veřejného dobra jsme byli schopni vytvořit experiment, který nám pomůže odpovědět na otázku, zda přátelství ovlivňuje úroveň spolupráce a zvyšuje příspěvek jednotlivce k veřejným statkům. Experimentální hra probíhala na webu a hráči byli přátelé. Popsali jsme průběh jejich příspěvků a analyzovali chování přátel. Zjistili jsme, že úroveň 100% černých jezdců je velmi nízká. A opačná situace (100% spolupráce) je v 54 % jejich akcí.ObhájenoWith the help of Public-goods games, we were able to create an experiment to help us answer the question of whether friendship affects the level of cooperation and increases an individual's contribution to the public goods. Experiment game was run on web and players were only friends. We described the course of their contributions and analyzed friends behavior. We found that level of 100% free riders is very low. And the oposit situacion (100% cooperation) is in 54% of their actions

Online learning among university law students during the lockdown and their return to full-time teaching

Tento text je prací na téma distančního vyučování na Právnické fakultě v Plzni a zabývá se změnami, které se objevili po distančním vyučování v prezenční výuce, podvodným chováním v tomto období a zkušenostmi studentů. Rozebírány jsou motivace ke studiu, význam podvodu, sankce za podvody, společenské vtahy a jejich významnost. Práce je doplněna o názory studentů o možnosti budoucí technologické modernizace a jejich nápady, jak by jim technologie pomohli při studiu.ObhájenoThis text is a work on the topic of distance teaching at the Faculty of Law in Pilsen and deals with the changes that occurred after distance teaching in full-time teaching, fraudulent behaviour during this period and the experiences of students. Motivations for studying, the meaning of cheating, sanctions for cheating, and social pulls are discussed. The paper is supplemented with students' views on the possibility of future technological upgrading and their ideas on how technology would help them in their studies

Online learning among university law students during the lockdown and their return to full-time teaching

Tento text je prací na téma distančního vyučování na Právnické fakultě v Plzni a zabývá se změnami, které se objevili po distančním vyučování v prezenční výuce, podvodným chováním v tomto období a zkušenostmi studentů. Rozebírány jsou motivace ke studiu, význam podvodu, sankce za podvody, společenské vtahy a jejich významnost. Práce je doplněna o názory studentů o možnosti budoucí technologické modernizace a jejich nápady, jak by jim technologie pomohli při studiu.ObhájenoThis text is a work on the topic of distance teaching at the Faculty of Law in Pilsen and deals with the changes that occurred after distance teaching in full-time teaching, fraudulent behaviour during this period and the experiences of students. Motivations for studying, the meaning of cheating, sanctions for cheating, and social pulls are discussed. The paper is supplemented with students' views on the possibility of future technological upgrading and their ideas on how technology would help them in their studies

Use of Nuclear Microsatellite Loci for Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Selected Populations of Picea abies (L.) Karsten in the Czech Republic

DNA polymorphism at nine nuclear microsatellites of nine selected naturally-regenerated Norway spruce populations growing mainly within gene conservation units in different parts of the Czech Republic was studied. To verify the genetic quality of the selected gene conservation unit, we analyzed nine Norway spruce subpopulations from gene conservation unit GZ 102–Orlické hory. Genetic parameters can be used in state administrative decision making on including stands into gene conservation units. The level of genetic diversity within 17 investigated Czech Norway spruce units was relatively high. Mean values for the number of different alleles ranged from 12.2 (population SM 08) to 16.2 (subpopulation SM T4). The values of observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.65 to 0.80 and expected heterozygosity (He) from 0.74 to 0.81. Pairwise population FST values ranging from 0.006 to 0.027 indicated low genetic differentiation between units, and values of Nei’s genetic distance among Norway spruce units ranged from 0.046 to 0.168, thus structuring of the investigated Norway spruce units was confirmed. Closer genetic similarity was seen in subpopulations from the gene conservation unit in Orlické hory than in the studied populations from other genetic conservation units. Additionally, the populations SM 01 and SM 05, both of Hurst ecotypes, were the closest to one another and the populations of mountain and alpine ecotypes were assembled into another group

The Genetic Differences and Structure of Selected Important Populations of the Endangered Taxus baccata in the Czech Republic

Taxus baccata L. (common yew) is an endangered tree species in the Czech Republic. However, its natural occurrence has not been adequately protected in all areas of the country. The aim of this study is to determine whether the yew population in the newly established Ma&#345;eni&#269;ky seed orchard (TS_L) enables mixing with other Czech yew populations. Using a set of nuclear microsatellites, the genetic diversity in the Lu&#382;ick&eacute; Mountains (TS_L) and in selected wild-provenance populations from the Czech Republic (J&iacute;lovsk&eacute; yews, TS_J; B&#345;ezinsk&eacute; yews, TS_B, and yews from Moravsk&yacute; Karst, TS_M) was studied, as they could be donor sources for potential translocation activities. We observed that the level of genetic diversity within the four Czech yew units that were investigated was high. An analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 7% variation among populations, and the genetic differentiation values were low to moderate (FST = 0.042&ndash;0.108). According to a STRUCTURE analysis, high genetic similarity was observed between the TS_L and TS_B units. Our results provide important genetic suggestions on how conservation management can be designed to maximize its success

Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of Grey Poplar (Populus ×canescens Aiton Sm.) to Cadmium Stress

(1) Background: Populus &times;canescens (Aiton) Sm. is a fast-growing woody plant belonging to the family Salicaceae. Two poplar genotypes characterized by unique phenotypic traits (TP11 and TP20) were chosen to be characterized and tested for a physiological and transcriptomic response to Cd stress. (2) Methods: A comparative analysis of the effects of exposure to high cadmium (Cd) concentrations (10 &micro;M and 100 &micro;M) of TP11 and TP20 was performed. (3) Results: Neither of the tested Cd concentration negatively affected plant growth; however, the chlorophyll content significantly decreased. The potassium (K) content was higher in the shoots than in the roots. The magnesium concentrations were only slightly affected by Cd treatment. The zinc content in the shoots of TP20 was lower than that in the shoots of TP11. Cd accumulation was higher in the roots than in the shoots. After 10 days of exposure, 10 &micro;M Cd resulted in comparable amounts of Cd in the roots and shoots of TP20. The most significant change in transcript amount was observed in endochitinase 2, 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 1 and phi classglutathione S-transferase. (4) Conclusions: Our study provided new insights for effective assessing the ability of different poplar genotypes to tolerate Cd stress and underlying Cd tolerance

Identifikace antropogenních tlaků v české části mezinárodního povodí řeky Odry

Identifikace antropogenních tlaků na stav půd, kvalitu vodních zdrojů a na změnu habitatu vodních ekosystémů s možností predikce či průkazu konkrétních dopadů na biologické komponenty dotčeného vodního ekosystému. Zpráva je rozdělena do pěti oblastí: 1. Bilance znečištění povrchových vod v povodí řeky Odry, 2. Průkaz a predikce antropogenních tlaků na biologické komponenty vodních ekosystémů, 3. Vliv intenzifikace chovu ryb na jakost vod, 4. Publikace výsledků řešení projektu, 5. Souhrnné hodnocení antropogenních tlaků v povodí řeky Odry. Zpráva shrnuje zásady pro zlepšování a ochranu jakosti vodního prostředí v povodí řeky Odry. Patří mezi ně snižování znečištění toků z nebodových zdrojů, které musí směřovat především do oblasti zemědělské výroby. Z bodových zdrojů je třeba věnovat maximální pozornost podniku Mittal Steel Ostrava-Kunčice a důlním vodám. Dalším opatřením je nezbytnost zkvalitnění monitoringu včetně zlepšení systému včasného varování. Zvýšenou pozornost je třeba věnovat používání pesticidů v okolí a vodám vypouštěných komunálními ČOV. Mezi důležité aspekty pro ochranu vod patří odpovídající hospodaření rybářů a péče o rybníky