CONTRIBUTION OF LITTER FALL IN FOREST RECOVERY PLANTATION UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SPACINGS

O trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aporte de serapilheira, durante o per\uedodo de um ano, em plantio de recomposi\ue7\ue3o florestal implantado em diferentes espa\ue7amentos. O plantio foi realizado em novembro de 2004, na Usina Termoel\ue9trica Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, Serop\ue9dica \u2013 RJ. Em dezembro de 2007 foram instalados nove coletores circulares, que foram presos \ue0s \ue1rvores com fio de nylon, nos quatro diferentes espa\ue7amentos: 1 x 1 m; 1,5 x 1,5 m; 2 x 2 m e 3 x 2 m. As coletas foram feitas mensalmente at\ue9 dezembro de 2008. O material foi levado ao laborat\uf3rio, separado em folhas, galhos, reprodutivos e miscel\ue2nea e ap\uf3s ser seco em estufa a 65\ub0C por 48 horas, foi pesado. Os valores encontrados para deposi\ue7\ue3o total de serapilheira foram, do mais ao menos denso espa\ue7amento: 6,93; 4,48; 5,12; e 3,71 Mg ha-1. O espa\ue7amento que produziu maior quantidade de serapilheira foi o 1 x 1 m. A deposi\ue7\ue3o de serapilheira foi maior na esta\ue7\ue3o seca, sendo o padr\ue3o sazonal do aporte semelhante nos diferentes espa\ue7amentos. A fra\ue7\ue3o folhas foi predominante em todos os espa\ue7amentos. A deposi\ue7\ue3o de serapilheira, de modo geral, correlacionou-se de forma positiva com a cobertura de copa e n\ue3o apresentou correla\ue7\ue3o com a \ue1rea basal do povoamento. Os valores de produ\ue7\ue3o de serapilheira verificados neste trabalho podem ser considerados semelhantes aos encontrados em matas secund\ue1rias pr\uf3ximas \ue0 \ue1rea de estudo.This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of litter, during one year period, in forest restoration plantation, deployed at different spacings. The planting took place in November 2004, at the Thermoelectric Plant \u2018Barbosa Lima Sobrinho\u2019, in Serop\ue9dica, Rio de Janeiro state. In December 2007, nine circular collectors were installed, tied to trees with nylon, in the four studied spacings: 1 x 1 m; 1.5 x 1.5 m; 2 x 2 m; and 3 x 2 m. The collections were done monthly, until December 2008. The material was taken to the laboratory, separated into leaves, branches, reproductive and miscellaneous and after being dried in stove at 65\ub0C for 48 hours, it was weighed. The values found for the total deposition of litter were, from the more to the less dense spacing: 6.93; 4.48; 5.12; and 3.71 Mg ha-1. The spacing which produced a greater quantity of litter was the 1 x 1 m. The litter deposition was higher in the dry season. The seasonal pattern was similar in the different spacings. The leaf fraction was predominant in all the spacings. The litter deposition, in general, was positively correlated with canopy cover index and was not correlated with the basal area of the stand. The obtained values of the litter production in this study can be considered similar to those found in secondary forest near the study area

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Efeito do uso de enzimas sobre o desempenho e metabolismo de poedeiras Effect of the use of enzymes on the performance and metabolism of laying hens

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da adição do complexo enzimático (CE) sobre o desempenho e o metabolismo de poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 216 poedeiras da linhagem Bovans Goldline, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 12 repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental e 3 tratamentos: controle positivo; controle negativo; e controle negativo + Rovábio® Max (100 g/t). A dieta controle positivo foi formulada segundo recomendações das tabelas brasileiras e a dieta controle negativo foi calculada reduzindo os nutrientes presentes na matriz nutricional da enzima de acordo com a empresa produtora. Avaliaram-se o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso dos ovos, a massa de ovo, a conversão por massa de ovo, a conversão alimentar por dúzia (CAD) e os componentes do ovo no período de 24 a 36 semanas de idade. No ensaio de metabolismo, calcularam-se os valores do coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca, da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e da energia metabolizável corrigida (EMAn), bem como seus coeficientes de metabolizabilidade e a retenção de nitrogênio e do balanço de P e Ca das dietas. Nas aves mantidas com a dieta controle negativo, a adição de complexo enzimático na dieta melhorou o percentual de postura e a conversão alimentar por dúzia. A redução dos níveis nutricionais das dietas resultou em menores valores de EMA e EMAn. A suplementação de complexo enzimático às dietas com menores níveis nutricionais melhorou os valores de EMA, resultando em valores similares aos obtidos nas aves alimentadas com a ração controle positivo. Poedeiras alimentadas com a ração controle positivo apresentam maior ingestão, excreção e retenção de fósforo (mg/ave/dia), entretanto, quando a ração é suplementada com complexo enzimático, ocorre maior retenção de fósforo pelas aves.<br>The effect of the addition of multienzymatic complex on performance and metabolism of laying hens was estimated. Two hundred and sixteen Bovans Goldline hens were assigned to a completely randomized design, with 12 replicates of 6 birds per unit and three experimental treatments arranged as follows: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), NC + Rovábio® Max (100 g/t). The positive control diets were formulated to contain adequate levels of nutrients according to the recommendations of the Brazilian tables. Diets of NC and NC + Rovábio® Max were calculated with reduced contents of nutrients present in the nutritional contribution of the enzyme complex evaluated according to the recommendations from the manufacturer. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed:gain ratio (per g of egg mass and per dozen of egg) in the period from 24 to 36 weeks of age. In the metabolism trial, feed intake and total excreta production per replicate were measured to determine the metabolizable energy values (apparent ME and apparent Nitrogen Corrected MEn), metabolizability coefficients of gross energy and nitrogen retention and P and Ca balance. When compared to hens fed both negative and positive control diets, the addition of Rovábio® Max to the NC diet improved the hen day egg production an the feed:gain ratio (kg/dz). The reduction in the levels of nutritional diets resulted in lower ME and MEn values. The supplementation of the enzyme complex to diets with lower nutritional levels improved the ME values, resulting in values similar to those presented by hens fed PC diet. The addition of the enzyme complex to the NC diet increase P retention and resulte in lower P excretion when compared to the hens fed NC diet. Layers fed PC diet show higher P intake, excretion and retention

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data