Respostas morfogênicas de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais sob diferentes condições hídricas do solo

Quatro gramíneas forrageiras (Setaria anceps Stapf., Hemarthria altissima [Poir] Stapf. & Hubbard, Acroceras macrum Stapf. e Brachiaria purpurascens [Raddi] Henr.), foram estabelecidas por mudas, em vasos plásticos com diferentes condições hídricas, para se avaliar algumas características morfogênicas e estruturais. As irrigações foram controladas pela pesagem individual dos vasos e pela saturação relativa à porosidade total (SRPT) para cada nível hídrico do solo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em que os tratamentos consistiram de quatro espécies, submetidas a quatro níveis hídricos: deficiência hídrica (50% de SRTP) (D); controle (100% de SRTP) (C); alagamento 1 (120% de SRTP) (A1) e alagamento 2 (150% de SRTP) (A2). Foram identificados três perfilhos basais vaso-1, para as mensurações da morfogênese e das características estruturais das plantas: taxa de aparecimento de folhas individuais (TAP), filocrono de folhas individuais (FIL), taxa de alongamento de folhas individuais (TAL), comprimento final da lâmina foliar (CF), número total de folhas expandidas (FT) e número total de folhas verdes (FV). A TAL e o FIL foram inversamente proporcionais para o capim-setária, que apresentou resposta linear para a umidade no solo, enquanto os demais capins tiveram respostas quadráticas. O capim-hemárthria apresentou as maiores TAP para maior umidade do solo. O CF, aos 45 dias de rebrota, seguiu a tendência da TAL, com maiores valores para o capim-setária, alcançando até 0,34 m. O capim-hemárthria apresentou os maiores valores de CF entre as gramíneas de menor porte, em todos os níveis hídricos solo. Tanto o FT quanto o FV tiveram efeito significativo das gramíneas na interação com o nível hídrico dos vasos. O capim-hemárthria mostrou os maiores números de FT e FV em todos os níveis hídricos, com até 12 folhas perfilho-1. As diferenças estruturais observadas entre as espécies estudadas poderiam ser úteis para a escolha dos materiais de acordo com a disponibilidade de áreas sujeitas a inundações ao longo do ano

Armed society: the manorial mode of forming armed groups in the Brazilian Empire

This article deals with the problem of armed violence in the political life of the Brazilian Empire. Armed violence was used often in power struggles to win the general government, in the struggles of regional elites by provincial governments and local leaders for the cities. But the research also showed that armed violence was present in social life. The men had access to weapons and used them in their interpersonal conflicts in land disputes etc. The imperial society was an armed society, that is, a society that was able to obtain and use weapons regardless of control of government bodies. This article studies specifically forms of reproduction of armed society, means that it created to remain in possession of weapons and able to use them in conflict situations. How men learned to handle weapons and fight? To answer this question it is proposed the notion of "modo senhorial de atuação armada" (manorial mode of forming armed groups to employ them in conflicts).Este artigo aborda o emprego da violência armada nas relações políticas sob o Império brasileiro. De fato, chama atenção na vida política brasileira, e num extenso período que abrange de meados do século XVIII à primeira metade do século XX, a recorrência de conflitos armados. A violência física era recurso nas disputas por poder no governo geral do país, nas lutas entre setores das elites regionais pelos governos provinciais, depois estaduais, e no controle de municípios pelas lideranças locais. O estudo do uso de armas na vida política logo mostrou que a violência armada era largamente empregada, também, na vida social do país. Os homens tinham acesso a armas e as usavam nos seus conflitos interpessoais, nas disputas por terras, etc. Ao problema geral da formação do Estado brasileiro com as lutas nas instâncias de governo juntou-se o problema de uma sociedade armada, isto é, uma sociedade que tem capacidade de obter e empregar armas independentemente das instâncias governamentais. Este artigo estuda, especificamente, as formas de reprodução da sociedade armada, os meios que ela criou para se manter na posse de armas e a capacidade para empregá-las nas situações de conflito. Numa sociedade cujas pessoas dispunham facilmente de armas, que estavam nas mãos dos senhores e das famílias, os homens precisavam saber manejá-las e lutar. Como aprendiam isso? Para responder esta pergunta propõe-se a noção de "modo senhorial de atuação armada"

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data