30 research outputs found

    The limits of transnational solidarity : the Congress of South African Trade Unions and the Swaziland and Zimbabwean crises

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    The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), the main union federation in South Africa, was instrumental in ending apartheid. This paper evaluates COSATU's post-apartheid role in working for democracy elsewhere in Southern Africa through deepening transnational solidarity, focusing on its role in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Although the federation successfully mobilised trade union members to oppose the contravention of human and labor rights, its ability to affect lasting change was limited by contradictory messages and actions by the South African government, the dualistic nature of institutional formation in these countries, strategic miscalculations and structural limitations on union power

    The Challenges Facing the South African Labour Movement : Mobilization of Diverse Constituencies in a Changing Context

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    There is a growing body of literature on the role and impact of unions in the developing world, and on their ability to mobilize members against a background of neo-liberal reforms. The South African trade union movement represents a source of inspiration to organized labour worldwide, but has faced many challenges over the years. This article engages with debates on union solidarity and worker democracy, and draws on the findings of a nationwide survey of members of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) to explore the extent of fragmentation according to gender, age, skill level and ethnicity. The survey reveals regular participation in union affairs, democratic accountability, participation in collective action, and a strong commitment to the labour movement, but variation in levels of engagement between categories of union members indicates significant implications for union policy and practice.Il existe une littĂ©rature abondante et croissante sur le rĂŽle et l’influence des syndicats dans les pays en voie de dĂ©veloppement et sur leur habiletĂ© Ă  mobiliser leurs membres dans un arriĂšre-plan de rĂ©formes nĂ©olibĂ©rales et de restructuration industrielle (Barchiesi et Kenny, 2002 ; von Holdt et Webster, 2008). Le mouvement syndical sud-africain reprĂ©sente une source d’inspiration pour le monde du travail organisĂ© Ă  travers la planĂšte, mais il a dĂ» faire face Ă  bien des dĂ©fis au cours des ans. Les objectifs principaux de cet essai se veulent une Ă©valuation des dĂ©fis politiques et Ă©conomiques auxquels fait face le mouvement syndical sud-africain, une analyse critique des dĂ©bats actuels sur la solidaritĂ© et la dĂ©mocratie, un questionnement des conclusions d’une enquĂȘte Ă  l’échelle nationale auprĂšs des membres du CongrĂšs des syndicats sud-africains (COSATU), tout cela en vue de reconnaĂźtre les fondements d’une mobilisation effective, d’évaluer dans quelle mesure il y a eu une fragmentation selon le sexe, l’ñge, le niveau d’habiletĂ© et l’ethnicitĂ©, en vue de procĂ©der Ă  une rĂ©flexion sur les implications pour les syndicats sud-africains et le mouvement ouvrier dans son ensemble.MĂȘme dans l’environnement profondĂ©ment hostile des annĂ©es 1970, la dĂ©cennie oĂč les syndicats indĂ©pendants ont fait leur apparition, il a Ă©tĂ© possible d’inflĂ©chir les politiques publiques, en cheminant vers une dĂ©mocratisation complĂšte de la politique. On possĂšde cependant une certaine preuve Ă  l’effet qu’au dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000, les syndicats ont connu un affaiblissement de leur position : l’effectif syndical du secteur manufacturier a diminuĂ©, alors qu’on connaissait des pertes d’emploi de grande envergure dans ce mĂȘme secteur (voir Makgetla et Seidman, 2005 ; Barchiesi et Kenny, 2002) et les reprĂ©sentants syndicaux Ă©lus se sont progressivement Ă©loignĂ©s des prĂ©occupations rĂ©elles de la base ouvriĂšre. De plus, la dĂ©mocratie au sein mĂȘme de la fĂ©dĂ©ration est devenue moins efficace, ce qui se reflĂ©tait dans les dĂ©bats internes et dans la prolifĂ©ration des syndicats cherchant Ă  se dĂ©saffilier (Rachleff, 2001).En demeurant dans ce contexte, cet essai analyse les fondements de la mobilisation au sein du COSATU, en retenant les caractĂ©ristiques des travailleurs, telles que le sexe, l’ñge, le niveau d’aptitudes et l’ethnie, puisqu’elles ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© signalĂ©es comme causes Ă©ventuelles de clivages au sein du mouvement ouvrier (Berger, 1992 ; Hyman, 1992 ; Moody, 1997 ; Wood et Psoulis, 2001 ; Clarke, 2004 ; Isaacs, 2006). Les conclusions mettent en Ă©vidence la continuitĂ© d’une forte solidaritĂ© interne, un engagement soutenu de la part des membres et une volontĂ© de s’engager dans l’action collective ; ce sont lĂ  les signes d’un rebondissement et d’une mobilisation au sein de l’organisation. Au mĂȘme moment, les conclusions de l’étude rĂ©vĂšlent que les femmes sont un peu moins actives que les hommes dans les affaires syndicales, en dĂ©pit des efforts pĂ©riodiques pour corriger ce dĂ©sĂ©quilibre. Par ailleurs, l’hĂ©ritage des traditions de diffĂ©rents syndicats laissait croire que des membres non africains affiliĂ©s au COSATU semblaient moins intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  participer aux affaires internes du syndicat, quoique cette situation ne se traduise pas par une volontĂ© moindre de s’engager dans l’action collective.La situation vĂ©cue par le mouvement ouvrier sud-africain au cours des annĂ©es 1980 montre dans quelle mesure les syndicats peuvent se dĂ©velopper et croĂźtre dans un environnement Ă©conomique et politique contraignant. Cependant, leur aptitude Ă  influencer le changement demeure intimement liĂ©e Ă  la force de l’organisation Ă  la base et Ă  la volontĂ© et l’habiletĂ© des membres Ă  s’impliquer dans l’organisation collective. Tout comme les syndicats Ă  l’échelle mondiale, leur continuitĂ© et leur croissance ne dĂ©pendent pas seulement de l’environnement, mais Ă©galement de choix stratĂ©giques rĂ©els, en se centrant sur un engagement continu envers la dĂ©mocratie en milieu de travail ; Ă  cela s’ajoute le dĂ©fi de concilier les intĂ©rĂȘts de diffĂ©rents commettants. Les dissensions entre les groupements de travailleurs peuvent devenir plus graves dans l’environnement d’une flexibilitĂ© accrue du marchĂ© du travail et d’une croissance du travail prĂ©caire ; en effet, la discrimination selon la race et le sexe s’est effectivement accrue chez les travailleurs marginalisĂ©s, qui n’ont pas fait l’objet d’une protection adĂ©quate par la lĂ©gislation (Clarke, 2004). Dans le passĂ©, les dĂ©sĂ©quilibres au plan des sexes tant au sein des syndicats que dans la sociĂ©tĂ© en gĂ©nĂ©ral ont dĂ©couragĂ© les femmes d’accepter des positions de leadership au sein des syndicats en Afrique du Sud, une exception importante cependant est celle de l’industrie du vĂȘtement, qui demeure le chĂąteau fort des femmes (Berger, 1992). En retour, cela signifiait que dans bien des cas les femmes Ă©taient moins impliquĂ©es dans la planification des campagnes syndicales, dans l’élaboration des programmes syndicaux et l’établissement des politiques ; ce qui minait Ă  la fois la solidaritĂ© Ă  l’interne et l’efficacitĂ© (Isaacs, 2006). Le fait que les positions de leadership au sein du COSATU soient occupĂ©es par les hommes fait en sorte de sous-estimer la persistance d’inĂ©galitĂ©s au plan des sexes au sein du mouvement syndical.Existe un cuerpo creciente de literatura sobre el rol y el impacto de los sindicatos en el mundo en desarrollo, y sobre su habilidad para movilizar sus miembros contra una experiencia de la reformas neoliberales. El movimiento sindical de África del Sur representa una fuente de inspiraciĂłn para el movimiento laboral entero, pero Ă©l ha enfrentado muchos desafĂ­os a travĂ©s los anos. Este artĂ­culo entama un debate sobre la solidaridad sindical y la democracia laboral, y aprovecha de los resultados de una encuesta nacional de los miembros del Congreso Sudafricano de trabajadores (COSATU) para explorar la amplitud de la fragmentaciĂłn segĂșn genero, edad, nivel de calificaciĂłn y etnicidad. La encuesta revela una participaciĂłn regular en los asuntos sindicales, una gestiĂłn democrĂĄtica, una participaciĂłn en la acciĂłn colectiva y una fuerte implicaciĂłn en el movimiento laboral; pero la variaciĂłn en los niveles de compromiso entre las categorĂ­as de los miembros sindicales indica ciertas implicaciones significativas para la polĂ­tica y la prĂĄctica sindical

    Pulled apart, pushed together: diversity and unity within the Congress of South African Trade Unions

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    This is a study of horizontal and vertical solidarity within a national labour movement, based on a nationwide survey of members of affiliated unions of the Congress of South African Trade Unions. On the one hand, the survey reveals relatively high levels of vertical and horizontal solidarity, despite the persistence of some cleavages on gender and racial lines. On the other hand, the maintenance and deepening of existing horizontal and vertical linkages in a rapidly changing socio-economic context, represents one of many challenges facing organized labour in an industrializing economy. COSATU’s strength is contingent not only on an effective organizational capacity, and a supportive network linking key actors and interest groupings, but also on the ability to meet the concerns of existing constituencies and those assigned to highly marginalized categories of labour

    Knowledge transfer within strategic partnerships: the case of HRM in the Brazilian motor industry supply chain

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    This paper investigates knowledge transfer (KT) of human resource management (HRM) across strategic partnerships in the Brazilian automotive industry, and the contextual factors impacting on KT within the supply chain. Case-study research in automotive companies and suppliers in Brazil is used to illustrate how in automotive industries, relationships with suppliers have traditionally been viewed as close, strategic partnerships, but over time, there has been a move towards more attenuated, supply chains, involving a shift towards more remote suppliers for basic components, and arms length relationships with them. In turn, this has impacted on how knowledge on HR has been transferred from manufacturers to suppliers. Both strategic partnerships and KT have been affected by internal drives towards cost cutting and talent retention, and external factors such as global competition through cheap imports, legislation, taxes, and unions. Evidence on the sometimes contradictory attitudes towards KT contributes towards the broader literatures on international HRM and KT in emerging economies, while the gradual unwinding of relationships has implications for policy and practice

    The limits of transnational solidarity: the Congress of South African Trade Unions and the Swaziland and Zimbabwean crises

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    The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), the main union federation in South Africa, was instrumental in ending apartheid. This paper evaluates COSATU's post-apartheid role in working for democracy elsewhere in Southern Africa through deepening transnational solidarity, focusing on its role in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Although the federation successfully mobilised trade union members to oppose the contravention of human and labor rights, its ability to affect lasting change was limited by contradictory messages and actions by the South African government, the dualistic nature of institutional formation in these countries, strategic miscalculations and structural limitations on union power

    Institutional legacies and HRM: similarities and differences in HRM practices in Portugal and Mozambique

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    This is a study of institutional change and continuity, comparing the trajectories followed by Mozambique and its formal colonial power Portugal in HRM, based on two surveys of firm level practices. The colonial power sought to extend the institutions of the metropole in the closing years of its rule, and despite all the adjustments and shocks that have accompanied Mozambique’s post-independence years, the country continues to retain institutional features and associated practices from the past. This suggests that there is a post-colonial impact on human resource management. The implications for HRM theory are that ambitious attempts at institutional substitution may have less dramatic effects than is commonly assumed. Indeed, we encountered remarkable similarities between the two countries in HRM practices, implying that features of supposedly fluid or less mature institutional frameworks (whether in Africa or the Mediterranean world) may be sustained for protracted periods of time, pressures to reform notwithstanding. This highlights the complexities of continuities which transcend formal rules; as post-colonial theories alert us, informal conventions and embedded discourse may result in the persistence of informal power and subordination, despite political and legal changes

    The legacies of coercion and the challenges of contingency: Mozambican unions in difficult times

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    Although insecure work may be found everywhere, the general lack of secure work in emerging economies is a particularly striking feature of the contemporary condition, undermining the continued viability of the labour movement in such countries. Yet, this topic is rarely tackled directly in African studies or business history journals. The two key questions addressed in this paper are, first, to what extent does the labour movement’s past define their present and future, and second, what are the challenges and opportunities affecting their ability to mobilise workers, influence government and effectively tackle employment security? This article details how in Mozambique, unions’ ability to mobilise has been affected by: the post-colonial, post-conflict and post-socialist historical context; the resulting legacies of regional and racial discrimination; international imperatives for liberalisation and privatisation; challenging relationships with the country’s African neighbours; and high levels of informal sector work. In order to remain viable, key imperatives include: effectively influencing national government, engaging internationally and working with organisations representing informal sector workers

    The ending of southern Africa's tripartite dream: the cases of South Africa, Namibia and Mozambique

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    This article examines the rise and decline of tripartite experiments in southern Africa, focusing on South Africa, Mozambique and Namibia, where tripartism emerged as part of the broader processes of democratisation and embedding democratic institutions. Why did these experiments largely fail to achieve the gains for labour that might have been anticipated? In each case, the lack of success can be ascribed to the ecosystemic dominance of neo-liberalism, returning growth fuelled by higher commodities prices, the changing structure of elites, dominant partyism, and structural weaknesses in both organised business and the labour movement
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