ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Ecologia trófica de pequenos mamíferos não voadores em uma área contínua de Mata Atlântica

Ao longo de décadas ecólogos tentam entender quais são os mecanismos que promovem coexistência de espécies. Florestas tropicais abrigam a maior diversidade de pequenos mamíferos do planeta, portanto espécies dentro deste grupo podem compartilhar recursos similares. Nesse trabalho buscamos entender as relações tróficas entre roedores e marsupiais através da análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio em três áreas contínuas de Mata Atlântica brasileira. Nosso principal objetivo foi compreender como diferentes espécies são capazes de coexistir em uma rica comunidade de pequenos mamíferos em relação a recursos alimentares. Nós verificamos se o tamanho corporal está relacionado às razões isotópicas de carbono e nitrogênio para cada espécie e testamos a hipótese de que espécies de tamanho corpóreo similar apresentam nichos tróficos distintos. Para isso, coletamos amostras de pelos de 57 indivíduos de marsupiais e 204 indivíduos de roedores. Encontramos que roedores apresentam nicho trófico mais amplo com espécies distribuídas em três níveis tróficos (granívoras, onívoras e insetívoras) enquanto os marsupiais estão inseridos em um único nível trófico, alimentando-se exclusivamente de invertebrados. Observamos também alta sobreposição de dieta entre marsupiais e alguns roedores onívoros, provavelmente devido ao consumo de invertebrados e fungos. Em geral, não houve correlação entre o tamanho corporal e os valores isotópicos dos marsupiais, mas para três espécies de roedores (Euryoryzomys russatus, Thaptomys nigrita e Trinomys iheringi) houve correlação significativa entre o tamanho do corpo e um dos isótopos. Para os marsupiais, a dieta por si só não explica a coexistência entre espécies, que parece estar mais relacionada à separação de uso do espaço vertical. Por outro lado, para os...For many decades ecologists try to understand what the mechanisms that promote species coexistence are. Tropical rainforests support the greatest diversity of small mammals in the world, therefore species within that group may share similar resources. In this paper we seek to understand the trophic relationship between rodents and marsupials through the analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes within three continuous areas of the Atlantic forest of Brazil. We were particularly interested in understanding how different species are able to coexist in a rich small-mammal community with respect to sharing food resources. We verified if body size is related to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios for each of the species and tested the hypothesis that species with similar body size have distinct trophic niches. We collected hair samples for isotopic analysis from 57 individuals of marsupials and 204 individuals of rodents. We found that rodents have a broad trophic niche with species distributed in three trophic levels (granivores, omnivores and insectivores) while marsupials are mainly within one trophic level, feeding exclusively on invertebrates. We found a strong diet overlap among marsupials and some omnivorous rodents, probably due to consumption of invertebrates and fungi. In general, there was no correlation between body size and isotopic values for marsupials, but for three species of rodents (Euryoryzomys russatus, Thaptomys nigrita and Trinomys iheringi) there was significant correlation between body size and one of the isotopes. For marsupials, diet by itself does not seem to explain species coexistence. Marsupials seem to be more related to different vertical use of space. On the other hand, for rodents diet together with body size was sufficient to elucidate the high number of coexisting species because we could... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

First documented record of Chordeiles pusillus (Gould, 1861) (Caprimulgiformes, Caprimulgidae) in São Paulo state

This note presents the first documented record of Least Nighthawk, Chordeiles pusillus (Gould, 1861), in São Paulo state, Brazil. The species was observed on four occasions (January 31, April 25, and July 27, 2016; April 27, 2017) in a sandy-rocky habitat on the left bank of Grande river, Mira Estrela municipality. This record is at least 300 km from the previously known occurrences of the species

First documented record of Chordeiles pusillus (Gould, 1861) (Caprimulgiformes, Caprimulgidae) in São Paulo state

This note presents the first documented record of Least Nighthawk, Chordeiles pusillus (Gould, 1861), in São Paulo state, Brazil. The species was observed on four occasions (January 31, April 25, and July 27, 2016; April 27, 2017) in a sandy-rocky habitat on the left bank of Grande river, Mira Estrela municipality. This record is at least 300 km from the previously known occurrences of the species

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data