Fin de las reservas de fertilizantes fosfatados: ¿realidad o restricciones geopolíticas?

El fósforo (P) es un elemento fundamental para toda la vida en la tierra, y no presenta un sustituto en la producción de alimentos. El suministro de P desde las reservas de rocas fosfóricas está concentrado en unos pocos países y, en las próximas décadas podría verse gravemente afectado. Por ello el contexto geopolítico debería ser considerado al evaluar la situación. Sin embargo, no existen datos fiables y transparentes sobre la producción, el comercio, el uso y las pérdidas de dicho nutriente. Por lo tanto, ¿hay realmente una escasez física o son limitaciones de tipo económicas, políticas o técnicas? Si bien ya se están buscando soluciones a diferentes escalas para lograr una mayor resiliencia de los agroecosistemas, se necesitan acciones urgentes para comprender, proteger y preservar nuestro planeta y sus limitados recursos, como el P, de una manera sostenible, rentable y segura.Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life on earth, and has no substitute in food production. The supply of P from phosphate rock reserves is concentrated in a few countries and could be severely affected. Whereby the geopolitical context should be considered when assessing the situation. However, there are no reliable and transparent data on the production, trade, use and losses of this nutrient. So is there really a physical shortage or are they economic, political or technical constraints? Although solutions are already being sought at different scales to achieve greater resilience of agroecosystems, actions are urgently needed to understand, protect and preserve our planet and its limited resources, such as P, in a sustainable, profitable and safe way.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria PergaminoFil: Giannini, Ana Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Departamento Laboratorio de Suelo; ArgentinaFil: Andriulo, Adrián Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Departamento Laboratorio de Suelo; Argentina.Fil: Wyngaard, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Wyngaard, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Geração de trabalho e renda: a trajetória de três grupos na relação com a Universidade e o Poder Público Municipal

Os Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária (ES) apresentam-se como alternativa para os excluídos do emprego formal, mas há vários entraves no seu funcionamento. Objetiva-se compreender as representações sobre os processos vivenciados na gestão do trabalho em três grupos de ES. Pautou-se em abordagem qualitativa e coleta de dados: análise documental, observação participante e entrevistas. Constatou-se que: a incorporação dos princípios da ES nos grupos era um desafio em poucos momentos contemplado; havia falta de clareza acerca das relações com o Poder Público; e havia carência de construção efetiva de metas e projetos coletivos.Palavras-chave: Economia Social. Programa de Geração de Emprego e Renda (Brasil). Autogestão

The role of targeted climate research at the IRI

Advances in our fundamental understanding of the physical climate system provided the necessary scientific underpinnings for the routine production of reliable seasonal climate forecasts and ultimately, the birth of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI). While recognizing that the successful adoption of climate information into various decision-making settings requires an iterative approach between the developers and users of that information, since its inception the IRI has also recognized the critical role of basic climate research in generating new climate knowledge. Given its mission, such basic research targets specific regions and questions that are framed by practical considerations of how climate variations are impacting, or may impact, various sectors of society. Analogous to its role in underpinning the development of seasonal forecasts, an enhanced understanding of relevant aspects of the physical climate is viewed as a critical input to the larger process of developing effective strategies for the management of climate-related risks. Here, four examples of targeted climate research undertaken at the IRI are presented covering a range of time scales, from sub-seasonal variability to long-term climate trends. A diverse set of geographic locations is considered, which includes the Sahel, southeastern South America, the Philippines and Indonesia. These four examples were selected to indicate the broad range of use-inspired basic research questions that have been addressed in regions where the IRI is engaged in a broader set of activities to develop actionable climate information. While many institutions are engaged in basic climate research, having the expertise and capacity to do so within the IRI provides it with the necessary flexibility to target its work towards specific climate-related questions in specific regions of the world

Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design (CCDR) for modelling the influence of agro-industrial waste in lactic acid biosynthesis

Lactic acid (LA) is one of the most important organic acids, with a wide range of industrial and biotechnological applications and can be produced by chemical synthesis and microbial culture. However, the biotech pathway is generally preferred because it provides an optically pure product. In this context, the purpose of this work was to evaluate LA biosynthesis by Lactobacillus amylovorus using molasses as carbon source (CS) and corn steep liquor as nitrogen source (NS) in a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) varying the concentration CS and NS, as well as to validate the model. The method for microbial culture followed an experimental design of the CCRD type, conducted without agitation, at 37ºC in Erlenmeyer flask, with pH in spontaneous evolution. The results showed that, using molasses and corn steep liquor as alternative sources, LA production ranged from 2.8 to 4.6 g/L, respectively, with the most favourable condition being 40.0 g of molasses and 250 g of corn steep liquor. It was possible, from the experimental design, to ascertain the selection of the best conditions for the microbial culture, demonstrating the feasibility of replacing CS and NS by agro-industrial waste, thus reducing the cost of producing LA

Clinical Study Pre-and Postoperative Evaluation by Photoplethysmography in Patients Receiving Surgery for Lower-Limb Varicose Veins

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of surgery in treating primary varicose veins in the lower limbs by photoplethysmography (PPG) and duplex mapping (DM). Method. Forty-eight lower limbs were clinically evaluated according to the CEAP classification system and subjected to PPG and DM exams. Each limb had a venous refill time (VRT) of <20 seconds and a normal deep vein system (DVS) by DM. Results. The mean pre-and postoperative VRTs were 13.79 and 26.43 seconds, respectively ( < 0.0001). After surgery, 42 limbs (87.50%) had normal results by PPG (VRT > 20 seconds). Four limbs (8.33%) showed improved VRTs, but the VRTs did not reach 20 seconds. In the 2 limbs (4.17%) that maintained their original VRTs, the DM exams showed the presence of insufficient perforating veins. Conclusion. In most cases, PPG allows for a satisfactory evaluation of the outcome of varicose vein surgery

Efecto del pastoreo de cultivos de cobertura sobre el carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo

La integración de la ganadería y la agricultura a partir del uso de cultivos de cobertura (CC), junto con las excretas del ganado (fuente valiosa de nutrientes), pueden contribuir a la intensificación sustentable de los agroecosistemas.EEA PergaminoFil: Restovich, Silvina B. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Hortis, Diego C. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Estudiante; ArgentinaFil: Giannini, Ana Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio de Suelo; ArgentinaFil: Scheneiter, Jorge Omar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Forrajeras; ArgentinaFil: Mattera, Juan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Forrajeras; ArgentinaFil: Pacente, Ezequiel Martín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Forrajeras; Argentin

Mudanças morfológicas da extremidade NE da Ilha Comprida (SP) nos últimos dois séculos

A Ilha Comprida, uma barreira holocênica constituída de alinhamentos de cordões litorâneos, tem experimentado mudanças morfológicas intensas nos últimos 200 anos em sua extremidade nordeste e arredores. Tais mudanças incluem o deslocamento do canal lagunar de Icapara para N, variações na largura local da ilha, com surgimento de um pequeno campo de dunas transgressivo, aumento da largura do canal artificial do Valo Grande (em Iguape), e surgimento e desaparecimento de feições efêmeras (tais como uma proeminência na costa e um embaiamento lagunar). A morfodinâmica da extremidade nordeste da ilha obedece à interação entre deriva litorânea, marés e aporte fluvial através do rio Ribeira de Iguape. Destaca-se que a deriva litorânea para NE, inferida por análises sedimentológicas, é o principal fator de deslocamento do canal de Icapara nesse rumo, somado a um"efeito de meandramento" do canal. Este efeito seria gerado por interação entre regime de marés e aporte fluvial, através do qual a margem norte do canal (Iguape) comporta-se como dique marginal erosivo, enquanto a margem sul (Ilha Comprida) comporta-se como barra em pontal. Desta forma, ocorre remoção de areia em Iguape e redeposição na ponta da Ilha Comprida. Embora o crescimento da barreira para NE tenha atuado em escala milenar, sua velocidade aumentou de forma significativa após a abertura do Valo Grande em 1852, que se tornou fator de incremento sedimentar na desembocadura de Icapara.Ilha Comprida, a Holocene barrier built by alignments of littoral ridges, underwent intense morphologic changes in the past 200 years, mainly in its NE extremity. These changes includes northward shifting of the Icapara inlet, local variation of the width of the island, the formation of a small transgressive dunefield, an increase in the width of the Valo Grande artificial channel, and appearance and disappearance of ephemeral features such as a coastline prominence and a lagoonal embayment. The morphodynamics of the northeastern extremity of the island results from the interaction between littoral drift currents, tides, and fluvial sedimentary supply from the Ribeira de Iguape River. The remarkable northeastwards littoral drift, inferred by sedimentological analysis, is the main factor of the shifting of the Icapara channel in this direction, added to a"meandering effect" of the channel. This effect would be generated by interaction between the tidal regime and the fluvial sedimentary supply, such that the northward margin of the channel (Iguape) acts like a erosional levee, and the southward margin (Ilha Comprida) acts like a point bar. In this way, sand is removed at Iguape and deposited at the tip of Ilha Comprida. Even though the northeasterly growth of the barrier occurred over thousands of years its speed increased significantly after the opening of Valo Grande in 1852, which became factor influencing the sedimentary input at the Icapara inlet

Protocol for the Foot in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis trial (FiJIA): a randomised controlled trial of an integrated foot care programme for foot problems in JIA

<b>Background</b>: Foot and ankle problems are a common but relatively neglected manifestation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Studies of medical and non-medical interventions have shown that clinical outcome measures can be improved. However existing data has been drawn from small non-randomised clinical studies of single interventions that appear to under-represent the adult population suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. To date, no evidence of combined therapies or integrated care for juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients with foot and ankle problems exists. <b>Methods/design</b>: An exploratory phase II non-pharmacological randomised controlled trial where patients including young children, adolescents and adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and associated foot/ankle problems will be randomised to receive integrated podiatric care via a new foot care programme, or to receive standard podiatry care. Sixty patients (30 in each arm) including children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who satisfy the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be recruited from 2 outpatient centres of paediatric and adult rheumatology respectively. Participants will be randomised by process of minimisation using the Minim software package. The primary outcome measure is the foot related impairment measured by the Juvenile Arthritis Disability Index questionnaire's impairment domain at 6 and 12 months, with secondary outcomes including disease activity score, foot deformity score, active/limited foot joint counts, spatio-temporal and plantar-pressure gait parameters, health related quality of life and semi-quantitative ultrasonography score for inflammatory foot lesions. The new foot care programme will comprise rapid assessment and investigation, targeted treatment, with detailed outcome assessment and follow-up at minimum intervals of 3 months. Data will be collected at baseline, 6 months and 12 months from baseline. Intention to treat data analysis will be conducted. A full health economic evaluation will be conducted alongside the trial and will evaluate the cost effectiveness of the intervention. This will consider the cost per improvement in Juvenile Arthritis Disability Index, and cost per quality adjusted life year gained. In addition, a discrete choice experiment will elicit willingness to pay values and a cost benefit analysis will also be undertaken