Insufficiency of ventral hippocampus to medial prefrontal cortex transmission explains antidepressant non-response

Background:: There is extensive evidence that antidepressant drugs restore normal brain function by repairing damage to ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). While the damage is more extensive in hippocampus, the evidence of treatments, such as deep brain stimulation, suggests that functional changes in prefrontal cortex may be more critical. We hypothesized that antidepressant non-response may result from an insufficiency of transmission from vHPC to mPFC. Method:: Antidepressant non-responsive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), then treated with chronic daily administration of the antidepressant drug venlafaxine (VEN) and/or repeated weekly optogenetic stimulation (OGS) of afferents to mPFC originating from vHPC or dorsal HPC (dHPC). Results:: As in many previous studies, CMS decreased sucrose intake, open-arm entries on the elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition (NOR). Neither VEN nor vHPC–mPFC OGS alone was effective in reversing the effects of CMS, but the combination of chronic VEN and repeated OGS restored normal behaviour on all three measures. dHPC–mPFC OGS restored normal behaviour in the EPM and NOR test irrespective of concomitant VEN treatment, and had no effect on sucrose intake. Conclusions:: The synergism between VEN and vHPC–mPFC OGS supports the hypothesis that the antidepressant non-responsiveness of WKY rats results from a failure of antidepressant treatment fully to restore transmission in the vHPC–mPFC pathway

New research shows freedom of movement is not toxic to Leavers, who are almost as positive about it as Remainers

There is a widespread assumption that freedom of movement with the EU is highly unpopular among people who identify as Leavers. Paul Willner, Todd Hartman, and Richard Bentall present data from a large (>2K) sample showing that this assumption is mistaken: freedom of movement is almost as acceptable to Leavers as it is to Remainers. This finding has implications for the positioning of political parties on freedom of movement and membership of the EU Single Market

A party that backed deal with Europe could win support from both Leavers and Remainers

Richard P Bentall, Paul Willner and Todd K. Hartman present findings from a recent survey measuring Leave and Remain identities, which also tested for how acceptable participants found specific policies aimed at Britain’s future relationship with Europe. They write that the policy of remaining outside the EU but seeking closer alignment with it is not toxic for people who had identified as either Leavers or Remainers

Слов’янські та неслов’янські казкові антропоніми Українських Карпат

Антропоніми, вивченням яких займається ономастика, широко побутують у літературі та фольклорі, несуть у собі історичне, соціальне и емоційне навантаження, відображають традиції того чи іншого народу. В українських і угорських казках Українських Карпат герої загалом наділені власними іменами, адже казка є героє-центричною. Особливий інтерес становлять так звані промовисті імена, що мають певне семантичне, смислове наповнення, яке реалізується в ході сюжету казки.Антропонимы, изучением которых занимается ономастика, широко функционируют в литературе и фольклоре, несут в себе большой исторический, социальный и эмоциональный заряд, отражают традиции того или иного народа. В украинских и венгерских сказках Украинских Карпат герои большей частью имеют имена собственные, ведь сказка является героецентричной. Особенный интерес вызывают так называемые выразительные имена, имеющие определенное семантическое, эмоциональное наполнение, реализующееся в ходе сюжета сказки.Antroponyms, studied by onomastics, widely function in the literature and folklore, and carry in itself a large historical, social and emotional charge, reflect traditions of one or another people. In the Ukrainian and Hungarian fairy tales of Ukrainian Carpathians them mostly have heroes of works, in fact Fairy tale is hero-centric. The special interest is caused by so called semantic names which have the certain semantic, meaning, emotional filling that are realized during the plot of fairy-tale

Українська ікона як символ культурного єднання

У статті висвітлено самобутні риси українського іконопису ХІV–ХVIII ст.The original features of the XIV–XVIII cent. Ukrainian icon-painting are elucidated in the article

Обрядове печиво в українській традиційній культурі

В Україні з давніх часів обрядове печиво використовували в багатьох обрядах народного календаря та сімейного циклу

Occupational stress, coping and wellbeing among registered psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

Objectives: To characterise the changes at work experienced by psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities during the pandemic and whether these changes, stressors and aspects of working life were associated with mental wellbeing and occupational stress. Methods: Ninety-seven psychologists completed an online survey. Free text comments were analysed using thematic analysis and triangulated with our quantitative findings. Results: Occupational stress, learning new roles, demands at home, and changes due to COVID-19 were associated with poorer mental wellbeing, while uncertainty about the role, a shortage of personal protective equipment, and poorer mental wellbeing were associated with occupational stress. Two main themes emerged during the thematic analysis: being human and being an employee, and triangulation revealed agreement. Conclusions: The wellbeing and occupational stress of psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities have been affected during the pandemic. It is of note that almost a quarter of our sample reported having been redeployed