Territorial Integrity Treaties, Uti Possidetis, and Armed Conflict over Territory

Paper presented at the 2006 Shambaugh Conference Building Synergies: Institutions and Cooperation in World Politics, University of Iowa, 13 October 2006. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Peace Science Society (International), Ann Arbor, November 2003, and the 45th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, March 2004. The authors wish to thank Ashley Leeds, Bumba Mukherjee, Chris Reenock, and Jeff Staton for their valuable comments and suggestions, while taking full blame for all errors and interpretations herein. Abstract A recent article suggests that a norm of territorial integrity spread rapidly across the globe during the twentieth century. While the successful acquisition of territory by force has become much less frequent, though, there have been numerous attempts to acquire territory by force during this time, and there appear to be several different types of obligations in territorial integrity treaties. Drawing from the content of treaties with territorial integrity provisions, we reconceptualize the norm to distinguish between treaties guaranteeing territorial integrity in a general sense and those that only proscribe the acquisition of territory by force, and we examine an important precursor in the nineteenth-century Latin American norm of uti possidetis juris. We find that both norms seem to have been associated with generally increased low-level conflict over territory but (at least for general territorial integrity obligations and for the Latin American states that developed uti possidetis) less of the more intense forms of conflict

Investigation on fatigue strength of cut edges produced by various cutting methods for high-strength steels

Due to the interest in effective light steel constructions, high-strength steels have gained importance. Different thermal cutting processes are frequently used in the metal processing industry. Besides the weld seams, free cutting edges gain technical and economic relevance as locations for potential fatigue cracks. In this investigation, fatigue tests were carried out on 8-mm-thick samples of S355M and S690Q steels at a stress ratio of R = 0.1. The cutting methods used were oxygen, plasma, laser, and waterjet cutting. Quality improvement methods, like shot peening, grinding, and cutting speed reduction, were applied for some series. The surface roughness was measured to classify the specimens into quality groups according to ISO 9013. The cut edge condition was also characterized by hardness and residual stress measurements. The investigation shows that all tested series exceed the FAT100 class and can be classified in FAT125. Specimens ranged in quality group 2 of ISO 9013 according to the roughness achieve FAT140 regardless of cutting technology or material. According to the ISO 9013, most of the specimens are classified in the quality group 2 and group 3. Fatigue strength results are significantly different in one quality group. No prediction can be made. ISO 9013 has a weak connection to fatigue strength. Quality improvement methods have a significant influence on the fatigue strength and can increase it. Due to reduced cutting speeds, the roughness decreases also. It results in an increase of the fatigue strength in all tested series in this study. In order to make a prediction of the fatigue performance, the standard has to be specified and the cutting process as well as the steel strength should be considered

Prospectus, April 8, 1974

THEY ARE LEARNING; Weichman Appointed To Fill Vacancy; Bergman Resigns; Frank Hansbrough Elected Vice President Of IFVC; Fund Established; Know Your Candidates; Don\u27t Get Caught In The Changeover; Bob Waldon Resigns Publications Board; Behind the Books; Student Government Officers To Be Elected; Miss AMVET Competition Now Taking Applications; Monday\u27s Coach; Trap Time; Tournaments and Contests To Be Held; Table Tennis National Champions; Baseball Game; Coalkitchen Breaks The Ice; Classified Ads; WW Rep To Speak; Honors Banquet; Graduation Information; Where Have All Our Books Gone?; Parkland Eventshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1015/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, April 1, 1974

FORUM TO BE HELD TODAY….ELECTION DECISION POSTPONED; They Want To Learn; Broadcasting Curriculum To Start In Fall Of 1975; Chi Gamma Iota National Conclave To Be Held At P/C; Anna Wall Scott, Parkland Instructor, Wins Primary; Letters To The Editor; The Short Circuit; Vets\u27 Challenge; Honors Banquet; Summer Canada Canoe Trip; New Programs Accepted; Student Government Officers; A Column By And For Women; Dr. Kubler-Ross To Speak On \u27Death And Dying\u27; Movie: Klute ; Behind the Books; Transfer Day At EIU April 5; Sign Bid Awarded; P/C Enrollment Up; Next Years\u27 Budgets Due; Personnel Report; Vocational-Technical Plan Approved; Our Picks For This Years\u27 Academy Awards; Vets Casino Day To Be April 5; Classified Ads; Hodge Podge: Scholarship, Baseball Game; Monday\u27s Coach; Outlook Good For Track; Sports In The Good Old Days ; Profile: Frank Flores; I. M. News; Big Ten Back On Top In Basketball; Krannert Art Schedule; PIC Instructors Attend SSU Management Program; Happy Birthday From Prospectus!; Board Election Saturday, April 13; Parkland Eventshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1016/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, March 25, 1974

ELECTION NULLIFIED BY STUDENT GOVERNMENT; Student Government Minutes; P/C Health Service Sponsors Blood Drive; Vets Outreach Program To Be Expanded By State; P/C Artists Contribute Posters For Two Community Events; StuGo Holds Special Meeting; Prospectus In Perspective; Letters To The Editor; The Short Circuit; Memo From President Staerkel: Slide Presentation, Open House For General Public, Community College Frontiers, Campus Progress; A Column By And For Women; NCAA Cringes At Equality In Sports Programs; Newman Club; The Last Detail: Rowdy, Intentionally Simplistic; Respiratory Therapy Applications Still Available For Fall; IFVC Convention; Behind the Books; Parkland Day Care Considered; True Facts; Congratulations; Bowling Bulletin Board; Canoe Trip; Classified Ads; Class A Tourney Exciting, Yet Disappointing; Five Lettermen Back For Cobra Baseball; Chicago Dominates??; Flores Earns All-American At NJCAA Nationals; Monday\u27s Coach; Road Rally Club Sets March Competition; Baseball Schedule (Tentative); Parkland Eventshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1017/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, March 11, 1974

EARLY SEMESTER SYSTEM APPROVED BY TRUSTEES; Parking Fines Begin Today; Parkland Takes Second In NIU Competition; IBHE Seeks Student Member; A Chance For Complete Creativity; Auditions; Streaking; Prospectus In Perspective; Letters To The Editor; The Short Circuit; President\u27s Report; A Little More Gore; Community Drug Abuse Program Started At Parkland; Behind The Books; Proposed Parkland Day-Care Center And Child Care Curriculum; Kottke Changes Style: Don\u27t Fret About It; Tournaments And Contests; Transfer Days At ISU This Spring; Kathy, Jeff To Merge Mar. 23; EIU Transfer Day Set For April 5; Classified Ads; Vet Ventures!; Day Senator; Parkland Holds Community Environment Seminar; Bridge Or Chess???; Women\u27s Billiards; Monday\u27s Coach; Lovingfoss Unanimous Pick For All-Star Team; Races, Contests Tournaments Spring Quarter; Streakers Bare All At U of I; Coed Volleyball; Used Book Sale; Serpico - Relevant But Incomplete; A Column By And For Women: Broader Representation On Committee Needed; SARP Winners Announced; Judge Roy Bean Here March 13; Crosswords; Parkland Offers New, Unique Classes; Special Election March 20-21; Callboard, Parkland Eventshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1019/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, March 18, 1974

DANCE MARATHON ENTRY SPONSORED BY PROSPECTUS; Students To Elect New Day Senator; Prospectus In Perspective; Cruisin\u27 \u2774: The Nixorcist; The Short Circuit; Campus Life; Letters To The Editor; Behind The Books; Junior College Junior Education; P/C 2nd In Track Meet; Monday\u27s Coach: How Far Can Bartow Go, Cerro Gordo Possible Champs; CCA To Sport Good Basketball; Wolverines Make Bid; Bowling Bulletin Board; Title Defense To Begin March 23; A Little More Gore; Billiards In The Evening; Baseball Schedule; Tournaments And Contests; Classified Ads; Illinois State University; Kite Flying Derby; Drug Progam; A Column By And For Women: Help Wanted!; Recruiters To Visit; Callboard; Parkland Events; Drug Abuse Series Begins At Parkland; Crosswords; Meditation Society Formed At P/Chttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1018/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, May 13, 1974

CLASS OF \u2774 COMMENCEMENT; Openhouse Set For May 19; 648 Parkland Students Eligible To Participate; Dr. Winters To Speak At Graduation; Parkland Groups Win Awards At Jazz Fest; StuGo President Offers Welcome; Dental Students Capped At Banquet; The Short Circuit; Letters To The Editor; New Stu-Go Officer; President\u27s Report; Crosswords; Parkland College Student Life; Instructional Programs; Admission: Who may Enroll?; Tuition & Fees; Financial Aid; Counseling; Placement; Veterans; Student Life; Summer Session 1974; Academic Calendar 1974-1975; Semester System Fall 1975; In Campus Design, Parkland: Not Just Another School; No Golden Quill This Quarter; Petitioned and Qualified Candidates Spring Quarter 1973-1974; One-Punch Leads To Death Of UI Student; Movie Projector Reported Missing; A Column By and For Women; A Column By and For Men; Self-Help Clinic Set For Women; Vet\u27s Corner; Field Trip Meeting Set; Pig Guards Pot Plot From Police Raid; Blood Drive; Summer Field Course In American Southwest; P/C Student Wins Distinguished Award; Allerton Day Shows Ecological Benefits Of Park; Debate Team Finishes Best Year Ever; Monday\u27s Coach; Thank You; High-Scoring Henrichs Opts For Parkland Cage Team; Parkland Coaches Review Year; Cobras Bat Way Over .500; P/C Players Thrill Audience; Bartow On His Way; Pritchett Not To Be Outdone; On The Way Out; Classified Ads; End-Of-Year Gala Planned By Phys Ed. Dept.; Social, Religious Traditions Expressed In Roots Afrikana; Jones Cites Improvements In Prospectus; Prospectus Staff Positions Open For New School Year; Business Student Wins Award; Krannert Art Schedule; Many Financial Awards Open To Incoming Parkland Students; Parkland Vets Info Center On Wheelshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1012/thumbnail.jp

Dietary Supplementation with Soluble Plantain Non-Starch Polysaccharides Inhibits Intestinal Invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Chicken

Soluble fibres (non-starch polysaccharides, NSP) from edible plants but particularly plantain banana (Musa spp.), have been shown in vitro and ex vivo to prevent various enteric pathogens from adhering to, or translocating across, the human intestinal epithelium, a property that we have termed contrabiotic. Here we report that dietary plantain fibre prevents invasion of the chicken intestinal mucosa by Salmonella. In vivo experiments were performed with chicks fed from hatch on a pellet diet containing soluble plantain NSP (0 to 200 mg/d) and orally infected with S.Typhimurium 4/74 at 8 d of age. Birds were sacrificed 3, 6 and 10 d post-infection. Bacteria were enumerated from liver, spleen and caecal contents. In vitro studies were performed using chicken caecal crypts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells infected with Salmonella enterica serovars following pre-treatment separately with soluble plantain NSP and acidic or neutral polysaccharide fractions of plantain NSP, each compared with saline vehicle. Bacterial adherence and invasion were assessed by gentamicin protection assay. In vivo dietary supplementation with plantain NSP 50 mg/d reduced invasion by S.Typhimurium, as reflected by viable bacterial counts from splenic tissue, by 98.9% (95% CI, 98.1–99.7; P<0.0001). In vitro studies confirmed that plantain NSP (5–10 mg/ml) inhibited adhesion of S.Typhimurium 4/74 to a porcine epithelial cell-line (73% mean inhibition (95% CI, 64–81); P<0.001) and to primary chick caecal crypts (82% mean inhibition (95% CI, 75–90); P<0.001). Adherence inhibition was shown to be mediated via an effect on the epithelial cells and Ussing chamber experiments with ex-vivo human ileal mucosa showed that this effect was associated with increased short circuit current but no change in electrical resistance. The inhibitory activity of plantain NSP lay mainly within the acidic/pectic (homogalacturonan-rich) component. Supplementation of chick feed with plantain NSP was well tolerated and shows promise as a simple approach for reducing invasive salmonellosis