36 research outputs found

    l-Alanylglycylhistamine dihydro­chloride

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    In the title compound {systematic name: 4-[2-({N-[(2S)-2-ammonio­propano­yl]glyc­yl}amino)­eth­yl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride}, C10H19N5O2 2+·2Cl−, the pseudo-tripeptide l-alanyl­glycyl­histamine is protonated at both the terminal amino group and the histidine N2 atom. The resulting positive charges are neutralized by two chloride anions. In the crystal, the organic cation adopts a twisted conformation about the CH2—CH2 bond of histamine and about the C—N bond in the main chain, stabilized by a short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contact. In the crystal, N+—H⋯O and N+—H⋯Cl− hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite sheets parallel to the (100) plane. The stacking of these sheets along the a axis is supported by Namide—H⋯Cl− hydrogen bonds

    Structural Basis for Calmodulin as a Dynamic Calcium Sensor

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    Calmodulin is a prototypical and versatile Ca2+ sensor with EF-hands as its high-affinity Ca2+ binding domains. Calmodulin is present in all eukaryotic cells, mediating Ca2+-dependent signaling. Upon binding Ca2+, calmodulin changes its conformation to form complexes with a diverse array of target proteins. Despite a wealth of knowledge on calmodulin, little is known on how target proteins regulate calmodulin’s ability to bind Ca2+. Here, we take advantage of two splice variants of SK2 channels, which are activated by Ca2+-bound calmodulin, but show different sensitivity to Ca2+ for their activation. Protein crystal structures and other experiments show that depending on which SK2 splice variant it binds to calmodulin adopts drastically different conformations with different affinities for Ca2+ at its C-lobe. Such target protein induced conformational changes make calmodulin a dynamic Ca2+ sensor, capable of responding to different Ca2+ concentrations in cellular Ca2+ signaling

    Structural Basis for Calmodulin as a Dynamic Calcium Sensor

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    Calmodulin is a prototypical and versatile Ca2+ sensor with EF-hands as its high-affinity Ca2+ binding domains. Calmodulin is present in all eukaryotic cells, mediating Ca2+-dependent signaling. Upon binding Ca2+, calmodulin changes its conformation to form complexes with a diverse array of target proteins. Despite a wealth of knowledge on calmodulin, little is known on how target proteins regulate calmodulin’s ability to bind Ca2+. Here, we take advantage of two splice variants of SK2 channels, which are activated by Ca2+-bound calmodulin, but show different sensitivity to Ca2+ for their activation. Protein crystal structures and other experiments show that depending on which SK2 splice variant it binds to calmodulin adopts drastically different conformations with different affinities for Ca2+ at its C-lobe. Such target protein induced conformational changes make calmodulin a dynamic Ca2+ sensor, capable of responding to different Ca2+ concentrations in cellular Ca2+ signaling

    Methamphetamine Use and Criminal Behavior

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    This research seeks to broaden our understanding of methamphetamine’s (meth’s) place within the study of drugs and crime. Through extensive court records research and interviews with 200 offenders in local jails in western Colorado, this research contributes to the creation of a meth user profile and begins to identify the place of meth in the drug–crime nexus. The study compares the criminal behavior of meth users with other drug users, finding that meth users are more likely than other drug users to be drunk or high at the time of arrest and claim their crimes were related to drug use in other ways. A content analysis of criminal records demonstrates that meth users have more extensive criminal records and are more likely than other drug users to commit property crimes

    Nouveaux systÚmes complexants et application à la préparation de composés amphiphiles dérivés. SynthÚse et étude physicochimique

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    Although they are in infinitesimal quantities in the organism, transition metals have an essential physiological function. They are generally complexed by biological ligands of high molar mass whose study is particularly difficult. It is however possible to model the active sites of these macromolecules using small molecules easier to study. We synthesised histamine-containing pseudo-peptides to simulate the sites of coordination of proteins such as the serum albumin. These peptidoamines are also interesting because of their antioxydant activity. The study of the chelating properties of these molecules with Cu(II) and Ni(II) showed a variety of complexes sometimes very different by their nature and their stability. From these results, we propose new surfactants, with complexing properties, synthesized by connecting a hydrophobic tail to histidine-containing peptides. Polar head corresponds to the pseudo-peptides b-alanyl-histidine and glycyl-glycyl-histidine. Critical micellar concentrations were determined by tensiometry and fluorescence spectroscopy and the binary phase diagrams were plotted. Complexation properties were demonstrated and the species distribution diagrams were determined on model molecules with short hydrophobic chains. Finally, trimodular compounds have been prepared by grafting polyoxyethylene moiety in different parts of the previous molecules to increase hydrophily.Bien que prĂ©sents dans l'organisme en quantitĂ©s infinitĂ©simales, les mĂ©taux de transition jouent un rĂŽle physiologique essentiel. On les trouve gĂ©nĂ©ralement sous forme de chĂ©lates avec des coordinats biologiques de masse molaire Ă©levĂ©e dont l'Ă©tude est particuliĂšrement difficile. Il est cependant possible de modĂ©liser les sites actifs de ces macromolĂ©cules Ă  l'aide de petites molĂ©cules plus faciles Ă  Ă©tudier. Nous avons synthĂ©tisĂ© des pseudo-peptides Ă  base d'histamine pour simuler les sites de coordination de protĂ©ines telles que la sĂ©rum albumine. Ces peptidoamines sont Ă©galement intĂ©ressantes du fait de leur activitĂ© antioxydante. L'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes de ces molĂ©cules vis-Ă -vis du Cu(II) et du Ni(II) a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une variĂ©tĂ© de complexes parfois trĂšs diffĂ©rents par leur nature et leur stabilitĂ©. À partir de ces rĂ©sultats, nous avons proposĂ© la synthĂšse de nouveaux tensioactifs possĂ©dant des propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes par greffage d'un chaĂźne hydrophobe sur des peptides contenant l'histidine. Les tĂȘtes polaires correspondent aux pseudo-peptides peptides ß-alanyl-histidine et glycyl-glycyl-histidine. Les concentrations micellaires critiques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es par tensiomĂ©trie et fluorimĂ©trie et les diagrammes de phase binaires ont Ă©tĂ© tracĂ©s. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©es et les diagrammes de rĂ©partition de espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s Ă  partir de molĂ©cules modĂšles Ă  courte chaĂźne hydrophobe. Enfin des tensioactifs trimodulaires ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s en greffant sur les molĂ©cules prĂ©cĂ©dentes une partie de type polyoxyĂ©thylĂšne, pour augmenter l'hydrophilie

    Nouveaux systÚmes complexants et application à la préparation de composés amphiphiles dérivés (SynthÚse et étude physicochimique)

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    Bien que prĂ©sents dans l'organisme en quantitĂ©s infinitĂ©simales, les mĂ©taux de transition jouent un rĂŽle physiologique essentiel. On les trouve gĂ©nĂ©ralement sous forme de chĂ©lates avec des coordinats biologiques de masse molaire Ă©levĂ©e dont l'Ă©tude est particuliĂšrement difficile. Il est cependant possible de modĂ©liser les sites actifs de ces macromolĂ©cules Ă  l'aide de petites molĂ©cules plus faciles Ă  Ă©tudier. Nous avons synthĂ©tisĂ© des pseudo-peptides Ă  base d'histamine pour simuler les sites de coordination de protĂ©ines telles que la sĂ©rum albumine. Ces peptidoamines sont Ă©galement intĂ©ressantes du fait de leur activitĂ© antioxydante. L'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes de ces molĂ©cules vis-Ă -vis du Cu(II) et du Ni(II) a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une variĂ©tĂ© de complexes parfois trĂšs diffĂ©rents par leur nature et leur stabilitĂ©. À partir des rĂ©sultats prĂ©cĂ©dents, nous avons proposĂ© la synthĂšse de nouveaux tensioactifs possĂ©dant des propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes par greffage d'un chaĂźne hydrophobe sur des peptides contenant l'histidine. Les tĂȘtes polaires correspondent aux pseudo-peptides peptides b-alanyl-histidine et glycyl-glycyl-histidine. Les concentrations micellaires critiques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es par tensiomĂ©trie et fluorimĂ©trie et les diagrammes de phase binaires ont Ă©tĂ© tracĂ©s. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s complexantes ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©es et les diagrammes de rĂ©partition de espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s Ă  partir de molĂ©cules modĂšles Ă  courte chaĂźne hydrophobe. Enfin des tensioactifs trimodulaires ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s en greffant sur les molĂ©cules prĂ©cĂ©dentes une partie de type polyoxyĂ©thylĂšne, pour augmenter l'hydrophilie.Although there are in infinitesimal quantities in the organism, transition metals have an essential physiological function. They are generally complexed by biological ligands of high molar mass whose study is particularly difficult. It is however possible to model the active sites of these macromolecules using small molecules easier to study. We synthesised histamine-containing pseudo-peptides to simulate the sites of coordination of proteins such as the serum albumin. These peptidoamines are also interesting because of their antioxydant activity. The study of the chelating properties of these molecules with Cu(II) and Ni(II) showed a variety of complexes sometimes very different by their nature and their stability. From these results, we propose new surfactants, with complexing properties, synthesized by connecting a hydrophobic tail to histidine-containing peptides. Polar head corresponds to the pseudo-peptides b-alanyl-histidine and glycyl-glycyl-histidine. Critical micellar concentrations were determined by tensiometry and fluorescence spectroscopy and the binary phase diagrams were plotted. Complexation properties were demonstrated and the species distribution diagrams were determined on model molecules with short hydrophobic chains. Finally, trimodular compounds have been prepared by grafting polyoxyethylene moiety in different parts of the previous molecules to increase hydrophily.NANCY1-SCD Sciences & Techniques (545782101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    ContrÎle qualité des chimiothÚques

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    International audiencedes annĂ©es 2000, la sĂ©quence complĂšte du gĂ©nome humain a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©chiffrĂ©e. Cet Ă©vĂ©nement historique a immĂ©diatement lancĂ© d'Ă©normes dĂ©fis aux chercheurs, tant sur le plan des concepts que sur celui des mĂ©thodes de travail. Chaque com-munautĂ© a considĂ©rĂ© la maniĂšre dont elle pouvait apporter une aide. Il est rapidement apparu que l'utilisation des petites molĂ©cules Ă©tait un moyen de dĂ©couvrir et de caractĂ©riser la fonction d'une protĂ©ine et, par infĂ©rence, l'importance du gĂšne qui l'encode, dans la construction des cellules, des organes et des organismes. À l'initiative d'une poignĂ©e de chercheurs, les chimistes français se sont organisĂ©s pour collecter leurs molĂ©cules et les mettre Ă  disposition de biologistes. Ils faisaient ainsi d'une pierre deux coups : ils donnaient une nouvelle vie Ă  leurs molĂ©cules en crĂ©ant la premiĂšre chimiothĂšque acadĂ©mique d'une part, et ils per-mettaient pour la premiĂšre fois Ă  des biologistes du domaine public de se lancer dans des programmes de dĂ©couverte de molĂ©cules biologiquement actives d'autre part. Il fallait toutefois rĂ©unir des composĂ©s en grand nombre et assurer un contrĂŽle qualitĂ© uni-forme, ce qui est rapidement devenu une prioritĂ© pour que les chimiothĂšques deviennent des outils fiables. > que ces deux secteurs poursuivent des buts diffĂ©rents, leurs dĂ©marches expĂ©rimentales comportent des points communs. Chaque opĂ©ration de criblage de collections de molĂ©cules conduit Ă  l'identification de composĂ©s appelĂ©s touches, ou hits en anglais, qui sont des substances ayant exercĂ© un effet biologique dans l'essai mis en oeuvre. Les essais de criblage peuvent reposer sur des mesures d'interac-tions (liaison d'une molĂ©cule Ă  une protĂ©ine nĂ©cessairement identifiĂ©e) ou sur des mesures d'une rĂ©ponse biologique (stimulation ou blocage d'une activitĂ© cellulaire, ou animale, sur une cible gĂ©nĂ©ralement non identi-fiĂ©e). L'activitĂ© de la touche doit ĂȘtre confirmĂ©e, c'est-Ă -dire rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©e, et caractĂ©risĂ©e par l'Ă©tablissement, par exemple, d'une relation dose-effet. Nous avons participĂ© Ă  plus de 40 campagnes de criblage qui ont portĂ© sur un total de 250 000 molĂ©cules testĂ©es et plusieurs centaines de touches identifiĂ©es. Il apparaĂźt que le taux de confirmation d'une touche, ainsi que le taux d'identification de la mĂȘme touche par deux centres de criblage, peuvent varier de maniĂšre importante. Ces taux se situent en moyenne aux alentours de 30 % (S. Gioria, P. Villa, communication personnelle) [1]. Les raisons de ces diffĂ©rences sont analysĂ©es dans cet article ; elles pro-viennent de quatre sources dont la qualitĂ© des collections de molĂ©cules fait partie. Une collection de molĂ©cules contient entre mille et plusieurs millions de composĂ©s. La caractĂ©risation des molĂ©cules qui la composent est un point important, mais il est Ă©vident que les coĂ»ts de gestion de grosses collections peuvent exploser. Entrons dans le coeur du problĂšme. Pourquoi faire un contrĂŽle qualitĂ© : les sources de bruit dans un criblage L'identification d'une touche dans un essai de criblage est la rĂ©sultante de plusieurs opĂ©rations indĂ©pendantes les unes des autres, mais dont la combinaison crĂ©e des conditions potentiellement trĂšs fluctuantes

    Simultaneous Measurements of Hard X Rays and Second-Harmonic Emission in fs Laser-Target Interactions

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    International audienceThe interaction of 150 fs laser pulses with very thin plastic targets at an intensity of 5×1017 W/cm2 was investigated experimentally. Second-harmonic (SH) radiation was found to be emitted only in the specular direction. Both SH intensity and hard x-ray yield were found to be strongly dependent upon the laser polarization. The main features of SH emission are in agreement with a theoretical model which assumes resonance absorption as the source mechanism of electron plasma waves. Measurements suggest that, in conditions of maximum energy absorption, wave breaking of resonantly excited electron plasma waves takes place
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