Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

Background: Unraveling the ancestry of ‘Afro-American’ communities is hampered by the complex demographic processes that took place during the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) and the (post-)colonization periods. ‘AfroBolivians’ from the subtropical Yungas valleys constitute small and isolated communities that live surrounded by the predominant Native American community of Bolivia. By genotyping >580,000 SNPs in two ‘Afro-Bolivians’, and comparing these genomic profiles with data compiled from more than 57 African groups and other reference ancestral populations (n = 1,161 in total), we aimed to disentangle the complex admixture processes undergone by ‘Afro-Bolivians’. Results: The data indicate that these two genomes constitute a complex mosaic of ancestries that is approximately 80 % of recent African origin; the remaining ~20 % being European and Native American. West-Central Africa contributed most of the African ancestry to ‘Afro-Bolivians’, and this component is related to populations living along the Atlantic coast (i.e. Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria). Using tract length distribution of genomic segments attributable to distinct ancestries, we could date the time of admixture in about 400 years ago. This time coincides with the maximum importation of slaves to Bolivia to compensate the diminishing indigenous labor force needed for the development of the National Mint of Potosí. Conclusions: Overall, the data indicate that the genome of ‘Afro-Bolivians’ was shaped by a complex process of admixture occurring in America among individuals originating in different West-Central African populations; their genomic mosaics received additional contributions of Europeans and local Native Americans (e.g. Aymaras)The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007–2013/under REA grant agreement no. 290344, from the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (SAF2011–26983), the “Plan Galego IDT” (EM 2012/045) and the grant from the “Sistema Universitario Gallego- Modalidad REDES (2012-PG226) from the Xunta de Galicia (A.S.). F.M-T received support from the grant “ISCIII/INT14/00245/ Cofinanciado FEDER"S

The evolution of democratic thinking in the works of K. H. Borovský

Cílem diplomové práce je sledování vývoje demokratického myšlení na vybraných dílech K. Havlíčka Borovského. Autorka soustředila svou pozornost na významové etapy Havlíčkova života, které ovlivnily jeho politické smýšlení. Klíčová slova: revoluce - demokracie - liberalismus - novinářství - feuilleton - satira - epigram Annotation The aim of this graduate's thesis is to observe the development of democratic thinking of K. Havlíček Borovský through his selected works. The author has concentrated her attention on the specific periods of Havlicek's life that have influenced his political views. Key words: revolution - democracy - liberalism - journalism - feuilleton - satire - epigra

Additional file 2: of Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

Average IBS values between the two individuals from Tocaña and individuals from various continental regions represented in (A) 1000G, and (B) a large dataset of African regions. (TIFF 10002 kb

Additional file 3: of Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

MDS of the two Tocaña individuals vs. the population sets from 1000G representing the main continental groups. See Additional file 1 for more information on population datasets. (TIFF 2502 kb

Additional file 1: of Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

Population datasets used in the present study. (XLS 66 kb

Additional file 5: of Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

Analysis of admixture as in Fig. 3a for additional K values. (TIFF 15628 kb

Additional file 4: of Mapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys

MDS of Tocaña against 57 datasets representing different sub-continental African regions. One population of European ancestry (CEU) from 1000G were used for reference. See Additional file 1 for more information on population datasets. (TIFF 27503 kb

The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia.

During the period of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) some enslaved Africans were forced to move to Upper Peru (nowadays Bolivia). At first they were sent to Potosí, but later to the tropical Yungas valley where the Spanish colonizers established a so-called "hacienda system" that was based on slave labor, including African-descendants. Due to their isolation, very little attention has been paid so far to 'Afro-Bolivian' communities either within the research field of TAST or in genetic population studies. In this study, a total of 105 individuals from the Yungas were sequenced for their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, and mitogenomes were obtained for a selected subset of these samples. We also genotyped 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) in order to investigate continental ancestry at the autosomal level. In addition, Y-chromosome STR and SNP data for a subset of the same individuals was also available from the literature. The data indicate that the partitioning of mtDNA ancestry in the Yungas differs significantly from that in the rest of the country: 81% Native American, 18% African, and 1% European. Interestingly, the great majority of 'Afro-descendant' mtDNA haplotypes in the Yungas (84%) concentrates in the locality of Tocaña. This high proportion of African ancestry in the Tocaña is also manifested in the Y-chromosome (44%) and in the autosomes (56%). In sharp contrast with previous studies on the TAST, the ancestry of about 1/3 of the 'Afro-Bolivian' mtDNA haplotypes can be traced back to East and South East Africa, which may be at least partially explained by the Arab slave trade connected to the TAST

Admixture proportions, <i>P</i>₀, <i>P</i>₁, and <i>P</i>₂ (and 95% C.I) of ‘Afro-Bolivian’ mtDNA haplotypes regarding their main sources in sub-continental regions in Africa.

<p>Admixture proportions, <i>P</i>₀, <i>P</i>₁, and <i>P</i>₂ (and 95% C.I) of ‘Afro-Bolivian’ mtDNA haplotypes regarding their main sources in sub-continental regions in Africa.</p