Do fat tails matter in GARCH estimation? Testing market efficiency in two transition economies

The use of the GARCH-class of models is commonplace when examining stockmarket returns. In this paper we use data on stock markets in two transitioneconomies, the Czech Republic and Romania, to demonstrate the importance ofusing the correct GARCH specification. When residuals are characterised by ‘fattails’ or kurtosis, the use of a GARCH-t specification is appropriate. Diagnostictests suggest that the GARCH-t specification is appropriate for modelling stockmarket returns in Romania, whilst the standard GARCH specification is adequatefor the Czech Republic. Using a standard GARCH specification leads torejection of the null hypothesis of market efficiency in Romania, whereas thisnull hypothesis cannot be rejected using the GARCH-t specification. The nullhypothesis of efficiency cannot be rejected in the Czech Republic using eitherspecification. Thus, we find that the presence of ‘fat tails’ can have importantimplications for inference in the analysis of stock market returns

Effects of hydrocarbon contamination on soil microbial community and enzyme activity

Acknowledgment I would like to gratefully acknowledge the government of Saudi Arabia for the scholarship and financial support.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Contribution to the Study of Phlyctenular Ophthalmia.

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Blood lactate clearance after maximal exercise depends on active recovery intensity

AIM: High-intensity exercise is time-limited by onset of fatigue, marked by accumulation of blood lactate. This is accentuated at maximal, all-out exercise that rapidly accumulates high blood lactate. The optimal active recovery intensity for clearing lactate after such maximal, all-out exercise remains unknown. Thus, we studied the intensity-dependence of lactate clearance during active recovery after maximal exercise.<p></p> METHODS: We constructed a standardized maximal, all-out treadmill exercise protocol that predictably lead to voluntary exhaustion and blood lactate concentration >10 mM. Next, subjects ran series of all-out bouts that increased blood lactate concentration to 11.5±0.2 mM, followed by recovery exercises ranging 0% (passive)-100% of the lactate threshold.<p></p> RESULTS: Repeated measurements showed faster lactate clearance during active versus passive recovery (P<0.01), and that active recovery at 60-100% of lactate threshold was more efficient for lactate clearance than lower intensity recovery (P<0.05). Active recovery at 80% of lactate threshold had the highest rate of and shortest time constant for lactate clearance (P<0.05), whereas the response during the other intensities was graded (100%=60%>40%>passive recovery, P<0.05).<p></p> CONCLUSION: Active recovery after maximal all-out exercise clears accumulated blood lactate faster than passive recovery in an intensity-dependent manner, with maximum clearance occurring at active recovery of 80% of lactate threshold

Government support for faith-based organizations: the case of a development programme for faith leaders

A government initiative to train faith leaders usefully extended existing provision, but will require continuing support for some years. Broader community leadership is not always expected from those holding religious positions. The challenges involved in bridging linguistic and cultural differences highlight some of the reasons why initiatives like this are needed

Prevalence and incidence of mental health issues amongst adults with diabetes at risk of foot complications in the European Union: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate and synthesize the evidence to establish the prevalence and incidence of mental health issues in people at risk of diabetic foot ulceration living within the European Union. INTRODUCTION: Due to the large health and financial burden of diabetic foot ulceration, prevention is a key focus for clinicians and researchers. Current foot ulcer prevention strategies are directed at the assessment and management of physical pathologies and risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration. Psychological burden and risk factors are often overlooked. This review will determine the prevalence and incidence of mental health issues among adults with diabetes mellitus who are at risk of foot ulceration. The review will focus on European Union countries. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Studies considered for inclusion will report on adults with a formal diagnosis of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, who are at risk of foot ulceration and mental health issues. Studies will have been completed in the European Union. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO will be conducted for studies published in or translatable into English. Unpublished and gray literature will be searched. Studies will be selected against the review inclusion/exclusion criteria, and selected studies will be critically appraised, with data extraction and synthesis completed using the relevant JBI systematic review tools. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021260815

Mapping the cellular electrophysiology of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration:A whole cell recording study in situ

Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) convey sympathetic activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery to reach the target organs. Although previous in vivo and in vitro cell recording studies have explored their electrophysiological characteristics, it has not been possible to relate these characteristics to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration. We used the working heart–brainstem preparation to make whole cell patch clamp recordings from T3–4 SPNs (n = 98). These SPNs were classified by their distinct responses to activation of the peripheral chemoreflex, diving response and arterial baroreflex, allowing the discrimination of muscle vasoconstrictor-like (MVC(like), 39%) from cutaneous vasoconstrictor-like (CVC(like), 28%) SPNs. The MVC(like) SPNs have higher baseline firing frequencies (2.52 ± 0.33 Hz vs. CVC(like) 1.34 ± 0.17 Hz, P = 0.007). The CVC(like) have longer after-hyperpolarisations (314 ± 36 ms vs. MVC(like) 191 ± 13 ms, P < 0.001) and lower input resistance (346 ± 49  MΩ vs. MVC(like) 496 ± 41 MΩ, P < 0.05). MVC(like) firing was respiratory-modulated with peak discharge in the late inspiratory/early expiratory phase and this activity was generated by both a tonic and respiratory-modulated barrage of synaptic events that were blocked by intrathecal kynurenate. In contrast, the activity of CVC(like) SPNs was underpinned by rhythmical membrane potential oscillations suggestive of gap junctional coupling. Thus, we have related the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of two classes of SPNs in situ to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration and have shown that they deploy different cellular mechanisms that are likely to influence how they integrate and shape the distinctive sympathetic outputs

Where is my sink? Reconstruction of landscape development in 1 southwestern Africa since the Late Jurassic

Quantifying the rates and timing of landscape denudation provides a means to constrain sediment flux through time to offshore sedimentary basins. The Late Mesozoic evolution of drainage basins in southern Africa is poorly constrained despite the presence of several onshore and offshore sedimentary basins. A novel approach has been developed to calculate the volume of material eroded since the Late Jurassic at different time steps by constructing structural cross-sections and extrapolating thicknesses of eroded material. Using different assumptions, the calculated volumes of material eroded from southwestern Africa range from 2.52x10⁶ km³ (11.3 km of vertical thickness removed) to 8.87 x10⁵ km³ (4.0 km of vertical thickness removed). For the southward draining systems alone, the calculated removal of 7.81 x10⁵ – 2.60 x10⁵ km³ of material is far greater than the volumes of sediment recorded in offshore sedimentary basins (268 500 km³). Reconstruction of the drainage systems using geomorphic indicators and clast provenance of the Uitenhage Group, as well as extrapolated surface exposure ages, indicate the southern draining systems were active from the Late Jurassic with coeval activity in axial and transverse drainage systems. The calculated volumes are tied to published apatite fission track (AFT) dates to constrain the changes in exhumation rate through time (using multiple scenarios), which indicate a significant amount of Early Cretaceous exhumation (up to 1.26 x10⁶ km³, equivalent to 5.70km of vertical thickness). For the first time, this has permitted long-term landscape evolution to be used to support the interpretation that some of the ‘missing’ sediment was deposited in sedimentary basins on the Falkland Plateau as it moved past southern Africa during the Early Cretaceous. This implies that in this instance, the sinks are separated from their source areas by ~6000 km