LA CONSTITUTION DE RIONEGRO CONTEXTE ET LES EFFORTS EN CONCRÉTION D’UN SYSTÈME POLITIQUE POUR LA COLOMBIE

In this article, we refer to the history of the Charter of Rionegro and their contribution to setting up a political system to Colombia, in particular its contribution to the significant share of power in the territory of the former New Granada generated by it. The text includes shallow way, and just as similar background, the general characteristics of territorial political organization of the Chibcha Civilization and the political and administrative structure of the state in colonial times. However, before addressing the matter under review, it is necessary to address two important issues: a forced, which provides the conceptual framework for the development of the text, and the other referring both to the outstanding figures of the constituents eponymous 1863 as for democratic institutions more advanced in that Constitution.The Constitution of Rionegro, federal extreme, the most of their gender and, therefore, also considered as the most democratic progress throughout our constitutional history, however, was disqualified by Victor Hugo, French poet, as “ constitution for angels, “but we think only in terms of the collated with materials difficult political circumstances and lived in their country at the end of his life, referring to excessive centralization Europe, particularly with French unitary authoritarian regime in force in the anti-democratic interregnum elapsed between the second and third republics, suffered by him, and abruptly imposed by Emperor Louis Napoleon, whom Marx wrote the 18 Brumaire.En este artículo nos referimos a los antecedentes de la Carta de Rionegro y sus aportes a la configuración de un sistema político para Colombia, en particular su contribución al significativo reparto del poder en el territorio de la antigua Nueva Granada por ella generado. El texto incluye de manera somera, y solo como análogos antecedentes, las características generales de la organización política territorial de la Civilización Chibcha y la estructura político-administrativa del Estado en la época colonial. No obstante, previo a abordar la materia objeto de examen, se hace necesario tratar dos temas importantes: uno forzoso, que provee el marco conceptual para el desarrollo del texto, y el otro referido tanto a las figuras más sobresalientes de los epónimos constituyentes de 1863, como a las instituciones democráticas de más avanzada en aquella Constitución.La Carta Política de Rionegro, federal a ultranza, la más de su género y, por lo mismo, también considerada como la de mayor avance democrático de toda nuestra historia constitucional, no obstante, fue descalificada por Víctor Hugo, el poeta francés, como “constitución para ángeles”, pero, creemos, solo en cuanto la cotejó con las espinosas circunstancias políticas y materiales vividas en su país al final de su vida, referidas al excesivo centralismo europeo, concretamente con el régimen unitario y autoritario francés vigente en el interregno antidemocrático transcurrido entre la segunda y la tercera repúblicas, por él padecido, e impuesto abruptamente por el emperador Luis Napoleón, a quien Marx le escribió el 18 Brumario.El poeta Víctor Hugo nació en 1802 y falleció en 1885. Al final de su vida, coincidiendo con la vigencia de la Constitución de Rionegro, en Francia, adalid del centralismo político, gobernaba el emperador Luis Napoleón, quien encabezó un régimen antidemocrático, mas bien pro-monárquico; antípoda de un sistema federal, lo que creemos causó desconfianza en el poeta.  Dans cet article, nous nous référons à l’histoire de la Charte de Rionegro et leur contribution à la mise en place d’un système politique à la Colombie, en particulier sa contribution à la part importante du pouvoir dans le territoire de l’ancienne Nouvelle-Grenade généré par elle. Le texte comprend façon peu profonde, et juste fond comme similaires, les caractéristiques générales de l’organisation politique territoriale de la civilisation Chibcha et la structure politique et administrative de l’Etat à l’époque coloniale. Cependant, avant d’aborder la question à l’étude, il est nécessaire de répondre à deux questions importantes: un forcée, qui fournit le cadre conceptuel pour l’élaboration du texte, et l’autre se référant à la fois à des figures marquantes des constituants éponymes 1863 que des institutions démocratiques les plus avancés dans cette Constitution.La Constitution de Rionegro, extrême fédéral, la plupart de leur sexe et, par conséquent, également considéré comme le progrès le plus démocratique dans notre histoire constitutionnelle, cependant, a été disqualifié par Victor Hugo, poète français, comme “ constitution pour anges, “mais nous pensons seulement en termes de circonstances politiques difficiles assemblés avec des matériaux et vécu dans leur pays à la fin de sa vie, se référant à une centralisation excessive Europe, en particulier avec le français unitaire régime autoritaire en vigueur dans l’interrègne anti-démocratique écoulé entre les deuxième et troisième républiques, subis par lui, et brusquement imposée par l’empereur Louis Napoléon, que Marx a écrit le 18 Brumaire

Pueden las pequeñas y medianas empresas participar de una producción más verde? : informe final

A continuación se presenta el informe final del proyecto “¿Pueden las pequeñas y medianas empresas participar de una producción más verde?” cofinanciado por CEPAL y el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo de Canadá (IDRC). El proyecto se propuso desarrollar conocimientos específicos para impulsar el diseño y la recolección de indicadores regionales armonizados sobre producción sostenible e incorporación de tecnologías verdes en empresas de América Latina y el Caribe, con especial atención en las PYME

Quantifying slumness with remote sensing data

The presence of slums in a city is an indicator of poverty and its proper delimitation is a matter of interest for researchers and policy makers. Socio-economic data from surveys and censuses are the primary source of information to identify and quantify slumness within a city or a town. One problem of using survey data for quantifying slumness is that this type of data is usually collected every ten years and is an expensive and time consuming process. Based on the premise that the physical appearance of an urban settlement is a reflection of the society that created it and on the assumption that people living in urban areas with similar physical housing conditions will have similar social and demographic characteristics (Jain, 2008; Taubenb¨ock et al., 2009b); this paper uses data from Medellin City, Colombia, to estimate slum index using solely remote sensing data from an orthorectified, pan-sharpened, natural color Quickbird scene. For Medellin city, the percentage of clay roofs cover and the mean swimming pool density at the analytical region level can explain up to 59% of the variability in the slum index. Structure and texture measures are useful to characterize the differences in the homogeneity of the spatial pattern of the urban layout and they improve the explanatory power of the statistical models when taken into account. When no other information is used, they can explain up to 30% of the variability of the slum index. The results of this research are encouraging and many researchers, urban planners and policy makers could benefit from this rapid and low cost approach to characterize the intra-urban variations of slumness in cities with sparse data or no data at all

Análisis de problemáticas urbanas a escala continental basado en datos abiertos: espacios verdes, forma urbana y sostenibilidad futura de las ciudades en África

Las próximas décadas serán de rápida urbanización y estrés climático en las ciudades africanas. Los espacios verdes pueden aumentar la resiliencia de las ciudades frente a las olas de calor, las inundaciones, los deslizamientos de tierra e incluso la erosión costera, además de mejorar la sostenibilidad al reparar la calidad del aire, proteger la biodiversidad y absorber carbono. Sin embargo, datos cuantitativos sobre la forma urbana, la disponibilidad de espacios verdes y la contaminación del aire son muy escasos y de difícil acceso para ciudades en África. En este trabajo usamos datos geoespaciales abiertos para analizar cuantitativamente las relaciones entre la forma urbana, la presencia de espacios verdes y la calidad del aire. Los resultados del análisis indican que la presencia de espacios verdes se relaciona con mejor calidad del aire, pero que deben estar acompañados de otras políticas para que su presencia sea realmente efectiva

Use of GoFundMe® to crowdfund complementary and alternative medicine treatments for cancer.

PurposeComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is common amongst cancer patients. However, there is growing concern about its safety and efficacy. Online crowdfunding campaigns represent a unique avenue to understand the cancer patient's perspective for using CAM or declining conventional cancer therapy (CCT).MethodsFive hundred GoFundMe campaigns from 2012 to 2019 detailing financial need for cancer treatment were randomly selected and reviewed for endorsement of CAM use, reasons for using CAM, and reasons for declining CCT. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patient and campaign characteristics between 250 CAM users and 250 non-CAM users.ResultsCompared to non-CAM users, CAM users were more likely to be female (70% vs. 54%, p < 0.01), to report more stage IV cancer (54% vs. 12%, p < 0.01), and to have a history of delayed, missed, or misdiagnosis (10% vs. 4%, p < 0.01). Reasons for using CAM include endorsing curative/therapeutic effects 212 (85%), pain/stress reduction 137 (55%), and dissatisfaction with current or past medical treatment options 105 (42%). 87 (35%) CAM users that declined CCT reported that they wanted to try to fight off cancer using CAM first 57 (61%), that CCT was too "toxic" to the body 39 (42%), and cancer was already too advanced, so that CCT would be futile or too aggressive 25 (27%).ConclusionCancer patients on GoFundMe using CAM highly value quality of life, comfort, and autonomy. Physicians should educate themselves on CAM to set realistic expectations and provide comprehensive counseling of the risks and benefits of CAM usage to patients who choose to use CAM to either augment or completely replace CCT

Patient-Reported Value of a Standardized Welcome Letter for Huntington Disease Clinic

Communication is an essential component of patient satisfaction, which can be especially challenging in patients with neurobehavioral symptoms. As an effective form of communication, Patient Welcome Letter (PWL) should be designed in a way to cover a wide range of literacy. We designed a PWL for our Huntington Disease (HD) clinic using readability and suitability measures. Of the 80 patients that received the PWL, 47 filled out the survey. A majority of patients (\u3e90%) found the PWL clear, understandable, and well-organized. The PWL was deemed valuable overall by 91.4% of participants

Perspectives From Authors and Editors in the Biomedical Disciplines on Predatory Journals: Survey Study.

BackgroundPredatory journals fail to fulfill the tenets of biomedical publication: peer review, circulation, and access in perpetuity. Despite increasing attention in the lay and scientific press, no studies have directly assessed the perceptions of the authors or editors involved.ObjectiveOur objective was to understand the motivation of authors in sending their work to potentially predatory journals. Moreover, we aimed to understand the perspective of journal editors at journals cited as potentially predatory.MethodsPotential online predatory journals were randomly selected among 350 publishers and their 2204 biomedical journals. Author and editor email information was valid for 2227 total potential participants. A survey for authors and editors was created in an iterative fashion and distributed. Surveys assessed attitudes and knowledge about predatory publishing. Narrative comments were invited.ResultsA total of 249 complete survey responses were analyzed. A total of 40% of editors (17/43) surveyed were not aware that they were listed as an editor for the particular journal in question. A total of 21.8% of authors (45/206) confirmed a lack of peer review. Whereas 77% (33/43) of all surveyed editors were at least somewhat familiar with predatory journals, only 33.0% of authors (68/206) were somewhat familiar with them (P<.001). Only 26.2% of authors (54/206) were aware of Beall's list of predatory journals versus 49% (21/43) of editors (P<.001). A total of 30.1% of authors (62/206) believed their publication was published in a predatory journal. After defining predatory publishing, 87.9% of authors (181/206) surveyed would not publish in the same journal in the future.ConclusionsAuthors publishing in suspected predatory journals are alarmingly uninformed in terms of predatory journal quality and practices. Editors' increased familiarity with predatory publishing did little to prevent their unwitting listing as editors. Some suspected predatory journals did provide services akin to open access publication. Education, research mentorship, and a realignment of research incentives may decrease the impact of predatory publishing

Empiric recommendations for population disaggregation under different data scenarios

High-resolution population mapping is of high relevance for developing and implementing tailored actions in several fields: From decision making in crisis management to urban planning. Earth Observation has considerably contributed to the development of methods for disaggregating population figures with higher resolution data into fine-grained population maps. However, which method is most suitable on the basis of the available data, and how the spatial units and accuracy metrics affect the validation process is not fully known. We aim to provide recommendations to researches that attempt to produce high-resolution population maps using remote sensing and geospatial information in heterogeneous urban landscapes. For this purpose, we performed a comprehensive experimental research on population disaggregation methods with thirty-six different scenarios. We combined five different top-down methods (from basic to complex, i.e., binary and categorical dasymetric, statistical, and binary and categorical hybrid approaches) on different subsets of data with diverse resolutions and degrees of availability (poor, average and rich). Then, the resulting population maps were systematically validated with a two-fold approach using six accuracy metrics. We found that when only using remotely sensed data the combination of statistical and dasymetric methods provide better results, while highly-resolved data require simpler methods. Besides, the use of at least three relative accuracy metrics is highly encouraged since the validation depends on level and method. We also analysed the behaviour of relative errors and how they are affected by the heterogeneity of the urban landscape. We hope that our recommendations save additional efforts and time in future population mapping

Myoinvasive pattern as a prognostic marker in low-grade, early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

Low-grade and early Federation for Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) have an excellent prognosis. However, approximately 10% of patients develop recurrence, which cannot be correctly predicted at diagnosis. We evaluated myoinvasive patterns as a prognostic factor of relapse in low-grade, early-stage EEC. Two-hundred and fifty-eight cases were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: (i) endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, (ii) grade 1 or 2 with (iii) FIGO stage I or II, and (iv) clinical follow-up. Slides were reviewed to annotate the myoinvasive pattern present in each case (infiltrative glands, microcystic, elongated and fragmented –MELF-, broad front, adenomyosis-like and adenoma malignum). Microsatellite instability was studied by immunoexpression of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6). There were 29 recurrences (11.2%) among the 258 cases analysed. A predominant broad front myoinvasive pattern was significantly associated with tumour relapse (p = 0.003). The presence of a pattern of infiltrative glands (p = 0.001) and microsatellite instability (p = 0.004) were associated with lower disease-free survival, without having an impact on overall survival. Our observations suggest the potential value of the pattern of myoinvasion as a prognostic factor in low-grade, early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinomaThis research was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI17/01723), co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund ‘A way to achieve Europe’ (FEDER)