Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980�2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95 uncertainty interval UI 3·1�3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5�2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6�40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7�1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1�1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors�the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25 over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8 (95 CI 56·6�58·8) of global deaths and 41·2 (39·8�42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million 192·7 million to 231·1 million global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million 134·2 million to 163·1 million), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million 125·1 million to 163·5 million), high BMI (120·1 million 83·8 million to 158·4 million), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million 103·9 million to 123·4 million), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million 90·8 million to 115·1 million), high total cholesterol (88·7 million 74·6 million to 105·7 million), household air pollution (85·6 million 66·7 million to 106·1 million), alcohol use (85·0 million 77·2 million to 93·0 million), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million 49·3 million to 127·5 million). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Дослідження покращених електрохімічних властивостей нанокомпозиту графен/Fe2O3

Графіт використовували для приготування функціоналізованого оксиду графену (GO) методом Хаммерса. Порошок α-Fe2O3 отримували гідротермальною технікою. Тонкоплівкові електроди з GO, α-Fe2O3 (концентрації 0,05; 0,1 та 0,2 М) і графену у поєднанні з α-Fe2O3@GO (1, 2 та 3 %) були підготовлені методом спрей-піролізу за допомогою повітря та різних оптимізованих умов: відстань між розпилювачем та підкладкою становила 22 см, швидкість потоку була 5 мл/хв, і вони використовувалися як анодний матеріал для суперконденсатора. GO та нанокомпозит α-Fe2O3@GO характеризувалися інфрачервоною спектроскопією з перетворенням Фур'є (FTIR), порошковою рентгенівською дифракцією (XRD) та скануючою електронною мікроскопією (SEM). Дослідження FTIR показали, що смуга з підвищеною пропускною здатністю при 1735 см – 1 пов'язана з модами валентних коливань C=O в карбонових кислотах та карбонільних групах. XRD пік (002) зник, а пік (111) з'явився для графіту та GO відповідно, тобто вихідний продукт повністю окислився після хімічного окислення та відшарування. Результати SEM показали, що товсті графенові поверхні складені разом. Що стосується електрохімічних досліджень, циклічну вольтамперометрію та стабільність GO та нанокомпозиту α-Fe2O3@GO проводили з використанням трьох конфігурацій електродів у 1 M водному електроліті KCl. GO та нанокомпозити α-F0.05, α-F0.05@1%GO забезпечували максимальну питому ємність відповідно 262, 201 і 312 Ф·г – 1 при швидкості сканування 2 мВ·с – 1.Graphite was used to prepare functionalized graphene oxide (GO) by Hummers method. The α-Fe2O3 powder was prepared by hydrothermal technique. Thin-film electrodes of GO, α-Fe2O3 (0.05. 0.1 and 0.2 M concentrations) and graphene coupled with α-Fe2O3@GO (1, 2 and 3 %) were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using air and various optimized conditions: the distance between the spray nozzle and the substrate was 22 cm, the flow rate was 5 ml/min, and were used as anode material for supercapacitor. GO and α-Fe2O3@GO nanocomposite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR showed the strong band at 1735 cm – 1 associated with stretching vibration modes of C=O in carboxylic acid and carbonyl groups. The XRD (002) peak disappeared and the (111) peak appeared for graphite and GO, respectively, i.e., the product was completely oxidized after chemical oxidation and exfoliation. The SEM showed that thick sheets are stacked together. For electrochemical studies, cyclic voltammetry and stability of GO and α-Fe2O3@GO nanocomposite were carried out using three electrode configurations in 1 M KCl aqueous electrolyte. The GO, α-F0.05, α-F0.05@1%GO nanocomposites provided the maximum specific capacitance of 262, 201 and 312 F·g – 1 at a scan rate of 2 mV·s – 1, respectively

Chemical synthesis, molecular modeling and pharmacophore mapping of new pyrrole derivatives as inhibitors of InhA enzyme and Mycobacterium tubercolosis growth

International audienc

Insights into the population dynamics of phytophthora species associated with arecanut fruit rot disease

Phytophthora, a ubiquitous filamentous oomycete, causes huge yield losses and is fatal to arecanut palms in case of severe infection. From 2014 onwards, a severe fruit rot epidemic has been recorded during the South-West monsoon season in major arecanut-growing states of South India. We have assessed the diversity and delineated the population structure of Phytophthora isolates infecting arecanut in India using a combination of morphological traits, multi-gene profiling, haplotype analysis, and pathogenicity. Ninety-eight Phytophthora isolates were obtained from infected samples collected from disease-endemic regions of Karnataka, Kerala, and Goa states in southern India from 2014 to 2019. Morphological traits coupled with phylogenetic analysis using the loci ITS, β-tub, TEF-1α, and Cox-II identified the A2 mating type of P. meadii as the predominant species together with two isolates of homothallic P. heveae. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed significant diversity in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the concatenated sequence dataset. Population structure analysis using 590 SNPs demonstrated the existence of four population groups (sub-populations at K = 4 and K = 2) and significant diversity in the geo-distant Phytophthora populations. In summary, 22 haplotypes were identified from the representative 40 isolates with higher haplotype diversity of 1.23 and relatively varying haplotype frequency. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that both the species of Phytophthora were pathogenic to arecanut, while P. meadii coastal region isolates exhibited more virulence compared to others

Superhydrophobic PVC/SiO2 Coating for Self-Cleaning Application

A lotus leaf like self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating has high demand in industrial applications. Such coatings are prepared by alternative dip and spray deposition techniques. A layer of polyvinyl chloride is applied on glass substrate by dip coating and then spray coated a suspension of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles at substrate temperature of 50 °C. This coating procedure is repeated for three times to achieve rough surface morphology which exhibits a water contact angle of 169 ± 2° and sliding angle of 6°. The superhydrophobic state of the coating is still preserved when water volume of 1.2 L is used to impact the water drops on coating surface. The stability of the wetting state of the coating is analyzed against the water jet, adhesive tape and sandpaper abrasion tests. The prepared superhydrophobic coating strongly repelled the muddy water suggesting its importance in self-cleaning applications.This work was financially supported by DST?INSPIRE Faculty Scheme, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India. [DST/INSPIRE/04/2015/000281]. SSL acknowledges financial assistance from the Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China. The authors greatly appreciate the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21950410531).Scopu