Comparative Studies on 'Nucellar', 'Sathgudi' and 'Local' Sweet Orange (Mosambi) (Citrus sinensis Osbeck.) under Marathwada Conditions

The present investigation was conducted during Ambia bahar season in the year 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three treatments and seven replications. The variety 'Nucellar' recorded maximum average height of plant, spread of tree, stem girth, number of branches per tree, was early to mature, had highest yield, fruit size, number of segments per fruit, weight of fruit, peel weight, peel thickness of fruit, TSS, and pH, while, the variety 'Sathgudi' recorded maximum juice weight, with low peel-to-juice ratio. The taste of fruits of Local mosambi was sweeter, with less acidity than the other two varieties. Maximum number of seeds per fruit was recorded in Local mosambi. Highest average pH and ascorbic acid content in fruit juice was recorded in cv. Nucellar. Therefore, on the basis of results obtained in the present investigation, it is suggested that of the three varieties studied, 'Nucellar' is the best in yield and other parameters, with 'Sathgudi' being the second best

Comparative economics of rural and periurban dairy farming in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka

Cost of milk production is an important economic indicator in assessing the farm household efficiency in milk production as well as basis for price fixation. The study was undertaken to analyse the cost and returns of milk production in rural and periurban dairy farms of Kalaburagi district of Karnataka. The per day maintenance cost in periurban dairy farms (` 150.64) was highest compared to rural dairy farms (` 91.29)for local cows, crossbred cows and buffaloes. Among total maintenance costs of periurban dairy farming, feed and fodder costs accounted major share (73.49%) followed by labour cost (15.53%) and total fixed cost (7.73%). The return per litre of milk was highest (` 8.91) for crossbred cows followed by buffalo (` 4.82) and local cows (` 0.14). The net return from crossbred cow was more than that of buffalo and local cows indicating higher profitability in rearing crossbred cow in the study area

Cyclization of an α,β-Unsaturated Hydrazone Catalyzed by a BINOL-Phosphoric Acid: Pericyclic or Not?

Density functional theory is used to study the mechanism of the title reaction, one of the first catalytic asymmetric 6π-electrocyclizations observed experimentally. The benzylideneacetone-derived phenyl hydrazone is chosen as model substrate for the cyclization reaction, both in the protonated (A) and unprotonated (B) form, while the isoelectronic carbon analogue, 1,5-diphenylpentadienyl anion (C), serves as a reference for comparisons. The barrier to cyclization is computed to be more than 15 kcal/mol lower in A compared with B, in line with the observed acid catalysis. The relevant transition states to cyclization are characterized for A and C using orbital inspection, natural bond orbital analysis, nucleus independent chemical shifts, and stereochemical indicators. The cyclization of C is confirmed to be pericyclic, while that of A can be described as pseudopericyclic ring closure involving an intramolecular nucleophilic addition

STANDARDIZATION OF MODEL OF INDUCTION OF HEPATOTOXICITY WITH ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: The objective of the study to standardize the model of hepatotoxicity induced by ATT drugs in Wistar Albino rats. Isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), pyrazinamide (PZA), the first line drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) associated with the potential adverse effect. Numerous animal studies were reported endeavoring induction and cure of anti-TB (ATT) drug-induced hepatotoxicity using herbal and chemical drugs. However, the previous reported study failed to replicate where Wistar albino rats were treated with INH, RMP, and PZA and had shown the significant development of liver injury. Hence in present paper, aimed to develop a standardize model of induction of hepatotoxicity with ATT drugs.Methods: Wistar rats were treated with ATT drugs in combination in various doses up to 4-8 weeks. Total nine experiments were conducted to achieve successful hepatotoxicity. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were the biochemical parameters of assessment. Histopathological changes in the liver were also examined.Results: No evidence of any liver injury or an inflammatory infiltrate has been observed as had been reported in the previous studies. Rather decrease in serum ALT levels has been observed by researcher. In short, hepatic injury cannot be developed with the doses used in previous reported papers. The successful attempt to induce hepatotoxicity can be achieved with the doses of INH - 100, RMP - 300, PZA - 700 mg/kg. The findings were confirmed by the raised ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared with baseline. The histopathological changes also support the findings.Conclusion: The dose of INH - 100, RMP – 300 and PZM - 700 mg/kg. Succeeds to induce hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats and Swiss albino mice as well

Dual Reinforcement Q Routing for Ad Hoc Networks

Ad Hoc Networks are infrastructure less network in which nodes are connected by Multi-hop wireless links. Each node is acting as a router as it supports distributed routing. Routing challenges occurs as there are frequent path breaks due to the mobility. Various application domains include military applications, emergency search and rescue operations and collaborative computing. The existing protocols used are divided into proactive and on demand routing protocols. The various new routing algorithms are also designed to optimize the performance of a network in terms of various performance parameters. Dual reinforcement routing is learning based approach used for routing. This paper describes the implementation, mathematical evaluation and judging the performance of a network and analyze it to find the performance of a network

Direct to consumer advertising via the Internet, a study of hip resurfacing

With increased use of the internet for health information and direct to consumer advertising from medical companies, there is a concern about the quality of the information available for patients. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of health information on the internet for hip resurfacing. An assessment tool was designed to measure quality of information. Websites were measured on credibility of source; usability; currentness of the information; content relevance; content accuracy/completeness and disclosure/bias. Each website assessed was given a total score, based on number of scores achieved from the above categories websites were further analysed on author, geographical origin and possession of an independent credibility check. There was positive correlation between the overall score for the website and the score of each website in each assessment category. Websites by implant companies, doctors and hospitals scored poorly. Websites with an independent credibility check such as Health on the Net (HoN) scored twice the total scores of websites without. Like other internet health websites, the quality of information on hip resurfacing websites is variable. This study highlights methods by which to assess the quality of health information on the internet and advocates that patients should look for a statement of an "independent credibility check" when searching for information on hip resurfacing

Effect of Catalytic Converter on I.C. Engine Emission parameters - a Review

This paper is a literature review on effect of Catalytic convertor on CI engine parameters (emission parameter). The emissions from CI Engines have adverse effects on human health, living organisms, and environment. The major emission form diesel engine are: unburned hydrocarbon, oxides of carbon (COX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulphur (SOX), and solid carbon particulate matter (PM). Similarly, for biodiesel it was observed that HC, CO, CO2 were lowered, while NOX remains still higher. For in-cylinder reduction of emission Catalytic converter are effective for CI Engines. It was found that using Catalytic convertor reduces the emission from engine effectively