Sexualization in digital advertising of fashion brands for kids: initiatives and ways to report the complaints

Los niños son presentados como objetos sexuales en gran parte, según el debate social, debido a la actividad de marcas y medios vinculados a la moda. La metodología llevada a cabo combina un análisis de contenido de los catálogos de publicidad de moda infantil en Internet en el contexto español, con el objetivo de ver si las marcas de moda infantil sexualizan a los niños en Internet; una revisión de las iniciativas de denuncia en Internet para conocer si la sociedad civil está concienciada; y una revisión de la normativa jurídica y ética en la publicidad digital para verificar si hay una protección a los niños. Los hallazgos apuntan que casi la mitad de los niños de los catálogos (el 45.8%) muestran atributos que los sexualizan, que las niñas son las más perjudicadas -un 48.9% frente al 38.2% de los niños- y las marcas que sexualizan más son las originalmente de adulto. Además, la sexualización se atribuye a la libertad creativa y al beneficio de las marcas. Las iniciativas y quejas se concentran en padres, Gobierno y asociaciones de consumidores. Se recomienda mayor información para que los ciudadanos inicien los procesos de protección legal y ética previstos para proteger a los niños.Children are represented as sexual objects, according to the social debate, mainly due to the activity of brands and media linked to fashion. The methodology conducted has combined a content analysis of the advertising catalogues of fashion kids on Internet in Spanish context to aim the objective of checking if fashion brands for kids are sexualizing them through its advertising on Internet; a review of the initiatives and complaints to report if the civil society is aware; thirdly, a review of the regulation – ethic and legal- on digital advertising to verify if there is a special protection. The results show that almost half of the children on the catalogues (45.8%) displayed sexualizing attributes, that girls are the most damaged -48.9%, while boys reach 38.2%- and that brands derived from those targeted to adults sexualize the most. Therefore, it is highlighted that sexualization is linked to freedom of creativity and brands’ benefits. Initiatives and complaints are focused on parents, Government and consumer associations. The recommendations point to better information to citizens so they can impulse the legal and ethical processes planned to protect infancy

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Prácticas comerciales desleales de las empresas en sus relaciones con los competidores y consumidores

Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del DerechoFac. de DerechoTRUEpu

The sexualization of children through advertising, fashion brands and media

Kids on advertising and editorials are often portrayed like adults. Are legal and ethical codes enough to avoid them? The double aim of this research is to review the regulation in Spain and to identify sexualizing characteristics through in-depth interviews to childhood experts, a survey among individuals from children environment and a content analysis of children commercial pages in fashion magazines. The results have showed that minor has a reinforced protection about every communication activity aimed to the trade of products that has a clearly sexual content because it can influence negatively in the psychophysical development. Nevertheless, complaints are needed to apply the regulation. Besides, children are sexualized in new formats added to conventional advertising and though new items related to makeup, hairstyles, accessories and provocative postures or gestures. La sexualización infantil en la publicidad y los estilismos de marcas y medios de moda infantilResumenLa publicidad y los editoriales representan frecuentemente a los niños como adultos. ¿Son suficientes las leyes y códigos actuales para evitarlo? Este trabajo pretende revisar la regulación española correspondiente e identificar las características sexualizantes realizando diversas entrevistas a expertos en infancia, una encuesta a individuos del entorno infantil y un análisis de contenido de las páginas de publicidad y editoriales de moda en especiales de niños. Los resultados han mostrado que el menor goza de una protección legal reforzada frente a toda comunicación comercial que incluya contenido sexual, ya que éste puede perjudicar a su desarrollo psicofísico. Pero se requieren reclamaciones que apelen a esta regulación para que sea aplicada. Además, los niños están siendo sexualizados a través de nuevos formatos comerciales y nuevos ítems: maquillaje, accesorios y posturas y gestos provocativos