Unmasking Ecological Warfare – Shell-BP, Nigeria, and the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

The state-killings of the Ogoni Nine on 10 November 1995 exposed environmental damage and social degradation beyond comprehension to the globe. Since the discovery of crude oil in Oloibiri in 1957, the Niger Delta has been subject to mass oil extraction led predominately by Shell-BP. This thesis explores the long history of mineral and oil cultivation and its influence on the formation of the Nigerian state. This thesis argues that oil’s predominance in Nigeria’s economy was rooted in British neo-colonialism. International and domestic Shell-BP sectors informed political decisions in Nigeria’s post-colonial world that eventually led to the death of nine Ogoni leaders in 1995. Mass mobilization under Ken Saro-Wiwa turned a regional, ethnic conflict into an international spectacle through his tireless work to uncover this connection. Saro-Wiwa, and MOSOP’s lasting and impactful legacy, was exposing rampant corruption and intentional personal and environmental destruction

A Study of the Relationship of Carbohydrate Tolerance in Infection and the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: With Especial Reference to Diabetics

Abstract Not Provided

Canadensolide and Other Metabolites of Pencillium canadense

This thesis is mainly concerned with the elucidation of the structure and of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the antifungal bis lactone antibiotic canadensolide which is found in the culture filtrates of the fungus Penicillium canadense. This work is interlinked with structural studies on five metabolites isolated from the same source. Of these,one, the bis lactone dihydrocanadensolide, had been previously isolated. The remaining four, canadensic acid, isocanadensic acid, dihydroisocanadensic acid and hydroxyisocanadensic acid were all shown to be related monolactones. The absolute stereochemistry of the natural monolactones and of various monolactones derived from canadensolide was established using ORD and CD, and in one case (canadensic acid) by multistage degradation to (-)gamma-caprylolactone. The absolute and relative stereochemistry of canadensolide was derived from the following : chemical and spectroscopic evidence of cis fusion of the two lactone rings ; determination of the absolute configuration at C-4 by conversion to a monolactone with one asymmetric centre; elucidation of the stereochemical relationship of canadensolide and dihydrocanadensolide, including the first reproduceable conversion of the former to the latter; determination of the absolute configuration at C-3 of hydroxyisocanadensic acid; assignment of the absolute configuration at C-3 in dihydrocanadensolide following chemical conversion of hydroxyisocanadensic acid to dihydrocanadensolide. The latter reaction also established the configuration at the carbinol carbon atom (C-4) in hydroxyisocanadensic acid, the result being at variance with that predicted from application of the Horeau method. A number of degradative schemes suitable for determining the distribution of label in canadensic acid biosynthesised from radioactive precursors were studied and application of one of these gave results in accord with biosynthesis via an alkylcitric acid type of intermediate. Synthetic studies and ultraviolet spectra proved to be important in establishing the structure of a new phenolic minor metabolite isolated from the culture filtrates as 3-chlorogentisyl alcohol. Synthetic work carried out on the unusual benzoylated metabolite candipolin, previously found in the mycelium of P. canadense, has disproved a peptide like structure and shown it to be N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninyl estei

Using the Zeno line to assess and refine molecular models

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from CCP5Peer reviewe

C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitaries and Hopf C*-bimodules

We introduce C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitaries and concrete Hopf C*-bimodules for the study of quantum groupoids in the setting of C*-algebras. These unitaries and Hopf C*-bimodules generalize multiplicative unitaries and Hopf C*-algebras and are analogues of the pseudo-multiplicative unitaries and Hopf--von Neumann-bimod-ules studied by Enock, Lesieur and Vallin. To each C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitary, we associate two Fourier algebras with a duality pairing, a C*-tensor category of representations, and in the regular case two reduced and two universal Hopf C*-bimodules. The theory is illustrated by examples related to locally compact Hausdorff groupoids. In particular, we obtain a continuous Fourier algebra for a locally compact Hausdorff groupoid.Comment: 50 pages; this is a substantial revision and expansion of the preprint "C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitaries" (arXiv:0709.2995) with many new result