Mechanochemically Synthesized CIGS Nanocrystalline Powder for Solar Cell Application

Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) is a compound semiconductor material from the group of I-III-VI. The material is a solid solution of copper, indium and selenium (CIS) and copper, gallium and selenium with an empirical formula of CuIn(1 – x)GaxSe2, where 0 x 1. CIGS has an exceptionally high absorption coefficient of more than 105 cm – 1 for 1.5 eV. Solar cells prepared from absorber layers of CIGS materials have shown an efficiency higher than 20 %. CuIn(1 – x)GaxSe2 (x 0.3) nanocrystalline compound was mechanochemically synthesized by high-energy milling in a planetary ball mill. The phase identification and crystallite size of milled powders at different time intervals were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis indicates chalcopyrite structure and the crystallite size of about 10 nm of high-energy milled CIGS powder after two and half hours of milling. An attempt for preparing the thin film from CIGS nanocrystalline powder was carried out using the flash evaporation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals uniform distribution of CIGS particles in thin film. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3100

MoSe2 / polyaniline solar cells

Solar cells have been investigated since long for harnessing the solar energy. During this decade, a new direction has come up where in the polymers have been used in the fabrication of solar cells. Polyaniline is one of the polymers which has shown potential for its applications in heterostructure solar cells. This material is being used along with the semiconductors like InSe, TiO2, Si etc. to form the photosensitive interface. In this direction, we report our inv estigations on the use of Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) as photosensitive semiconducting material in MoSe2 / polyaniline solar cells. In this paper, the preparation of MoSe2 / polyaniline solar cells has been reported. Also, the photovoltage ® photocurrent characteristics of this structure have been discussed in detail in this paper. The variation of different parameters of MoSe2 / polyaniline solar cells (like open circuit voltage, short circuit current, photoconversion efficiency and fill factor) with the intensity of incident illuminations has been reported in this paper. In present case, the photocurrent density was found to be around 250 μA/cm2 with the photovoltage around 8.5 mV (which is low) the photoconversion efficiency was found to be around 0.7 % along with the fill factor around 0.33. The efforts have been made to explain the low values of the photoconversion efficiency. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2209

Pro-environmental behaviour, locus of control and willingness to pay for environmental friendly products

YesMarketers have realized the importance of assessing consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) before introducing green products across different target audience. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative influence of consumers’ pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) and environmental locus of control (ELOC) on their WTP for green products. The study sample consisted of 256 Indian consumers which were recruited with the help of convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered with scales that were well established and that have been used in previous research. Data were analysed with the help of CFA and structural equation modelling to test the relationship of ELOC and PEB anon WTP. Second, clustering respondents according to their PEB and ELOC has been done to find its differential effect on WTP with the help of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings of the study highlight that WTP for green products is significantly predicted by two variables which are in following order: PEB and ELOC. Results of cluster analysis and MANOVA revealed that WTP differ significantly with the level of intensity of ELOC and PEB among Indian consumers. It advances the body of knowledge centred on the interplay of the PEB and ELOC to WTP for green products. Additional work is clearly required to consider the wide range of potentially relevant variables like brand image, prices, advertisements and product quality that ensures the generalizability of findings. The hypothesis framed, tested and inferences made can form a basis of extremely valued toolkit for those green marketers who take caution when planning their marketing and communications strategies to stimulate the WTP by conveying a reason and motivation to act environmentally. In this study, an understanding of WTP for green products is developed. The much required knowledge gap in terms of interplay of ELOC and PEB on WTP has been filled with the help of the present study. It has been identified that those consumer groups who displays higher PEB and ELOC forms the primary target audience for green product marketer

Magnetron sputtered Al-ZnO Thin films for photovoltaic applications

The optimization process of the RF magnetron sputtered Al - doped ZnO (AZO) thin films was carried out by studying its structural, optical, electrical, and morphological properties at different RF power and different working pressures for its use as a front-contact for the copper indium diselenide (CIS) based thin film solar cell. The structural study suggests that the preferred orientation of grains along the ( 002) plane having a hexagonal structure of the grains. The optical and electrical properties suggest that the films show an average transmission of 85 % and a resistivity of the order of 10-4 Wcm. The morphology analysis suggests the formation of packed grains having a homogeneous surface. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2210

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) avid nonprostatic benign and malignant disease:a pictorial review

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is revolutionising the management of prostate cancer (PC) in primary staging and assessment of biochemical recurrence (BCR) through its higher diagnostic accuracy compared to both conventional imaging and previously available PET radiopharmaceuticals. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein, highly expressed in prostate cancer, with its extracellular domain the target for PSMA PET radiopharmaceuticals. However, PSMA expression is not prostate specific and resultant PSMA uptake on PET-CT is not restricted to pathologies arising from the prostate gland. The increasing use of PSMA PET-CT has revealed PSMA uptake in a variety of non-prostatic benign and malignant diseases, which adds complexity to PET-CT interpretation and subsequent clinical management. This pictorial review will provide a thorough knowledge and understanding of the comprehensive range of PSMA avid non-prostatic benign and malignant diseases demonstrable on PSMA PET-CT, whilst highlighting the complimentary nature of other imaging modalities.</p

Laser scribing optimization of RF magnetron sputtered molybdenum thin films

The optimization process of laser scribing of back contacts is carried out by varying different parameters of laser and thickness of Molybdenum (Mo) thin-films. Mo thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on the organically cleaned soda lime glass substrate. The thickness of Mo was in the range of 60 nm to 800 nm. For the scribing process the laser power and the laser pulse frequency were varied. Different thickness of Mo shows the different scribe behavior. The optimized process provides a successful isolative laser scribing, having a minimum scribe line width, of Mo layer on glass substrate without any presence of walls, ridges, or collars in scribed areas. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/929

Effect of substrate temperature on structural and morphological parameters of ZnTe thin films

Vacuum evaporated thin films of Zinc Telluride (ZnTe) of 5000 Å thickness have been deposited on glass substrates at different substrate temperatures (303 K, 373 K, 448 K). Structural parameters were obtained using XRD analysis. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in non-contact mode has been used to study the surface morphological properties of the deposited thin films. The results obtained from structural and surface morphological studies have been correlated and it is found that the films deposited at higher substrate temperatures possess increasingly good crystallinity and smoother surfaces. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/930

Mechanochemically Synthesized CIGS Nanocrystalline Powder for Solar Cell Application

Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) is a compound semiconductor material from the group of I-III-VI. The material is a solid solution of copper, indium and selenium (CIS) and copper, gallium and selenium with an empirical formula of CuIn(1 – x)GaxSe2, where 0 x 1. CIGS has an exceptionally high absorption coefficient of more than 105 cm – 1 for 1.5 eV. Solar cells prepared from absorber layers of CIGS materials have shown an efficiency higher than 20 %. CuIn(1 – x)GaxSe2 (x 0.3) nanocrystalline compound was mechanochemically synthesized by high-energy milling in a planetary ball mill. The phase identification and crystallite size of milled powders at different time intervals were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis indicates chalcopyrite structure and the crystallite size of about 10 nm of high-energy milled CIGS powder after two and half hours of milling. An attempt for preparing the thin film from CIGS nanocrystalline powder was carried out using the flash evaporation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals uniform distribution of CIGS particles in thin film. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3100

Mechanism of Fluoride Uptake by Hydroxyapatite from Acidic Fluoride Solutions: I. Theoretical Considerations

A mathematical model for the mechanism of calcium fluoride formation on hydroxyapatite in buffered fluoride solutions is proposed. It takes into account the physical and chemical processes that occur during the reaction. With the model it is possible to evaluate a priori the fluoride uptake potential of fluoride solutions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67263/2/10.1177_00220345700490066601.pd