Aspects epidemiologiques, cliniques et therapeutiques des otites externes: à propos de 801 cas

L'objectif de ce travail etait de déterminer l'épidémiologie, la clinique et la thérapeutique des otites  externes (OE). Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective d'une année menée du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2006 dans le service ORL du CHU-Tokoin. Huit cent un cas d'otite externe (OE) soit 11,9% des  consultations étaient recensés. Le sexe féminin représentait 476 cas (59,42%). Le sex ratio était de 0,68. L'âge moyen des patients était de 25,4 ans avec des extrêmes de 05 mois et 81 ans. La tranche d'âge de 0-15 ans était la plus fréquente avec 360 cas (45%). L'allergie dans 74 cas (60,66%), la lésion de grattage dans 24 cas (19,67%), les corps étrangers du conduit auditif externe dans 18 cas (14,75%) et la natation dans 6 cas (4,92%) étaient les  facteurs favorisants. L'otalgie dans 638 cas (79,65%) était le symptôme le plus fréquent. Les différentes  formes cliniques des otites externes se répartissaient comme suit: otite externe diffuse dans 612 cas  (76,40%), furoncle du CAE 126 dans cas (15,73%), otomycose dans 58 cas (7,24%), zona du conduit auditif externe dans 3 cas (0,37%) et otite externe nécrosante dans 2 cas (0,25%). Les gouttes auriculaires étaient administrées à tous les patients. L'évolution avait noté 799 patients (99,75%) guéris sans complication, un cas de décès et un cas de guérison avec séquelle. Traitée correctement, l'otite externe guérit sans  complication. Son éviction passe par une sensibilisation des populations sur l'entretien du conduit auditif externe.Key words: Otite externe, épidémiologie, complications, microbiologi

High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lomé, Togo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With widespread use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Africa, one of the major potential challenges is the risk of emergence of ARV drug-resistant HIV strains. Our objective is to evaluate the virological failure and genotypic drug-resistance mutations in patients receiving first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in routine clinics that use the World Health Organization public health approach to monitor antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Togo.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Patients on HAART for one year (10-14 months) were enrolled between April and October 2008 at three sites in Lomé, the capital city of Togo. Plasma viral load was measured with the NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 assay (Biomérieux, Lyon, France) and/or a Generic viral load assay (Biocentric, Bandol, France). Genotypic drug-resistance testing was performed with an inhouse assay on plasma samples from patients with viral loads of more than 1000 copies/ml. CD4 cell counts and demographic data were also obtained from medical records.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 188 patients receiving first-line antiretroviral treatment were enrolled, and 58 (30.8%) of them experienced virologic failure. Drug-resistance mutations were present in 46 patients, corresponding to 24.5% of all patients enrolled in the study. All 46 patients were resistant to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): of these, 12 were resistant only to NNRTIs, 25 to NNRTIs and lamivudine/emtricitabine, and eight to all three drugs of their ARV regimes. Importantly, eight patients were already predicted to be resistant to etravirine, the new NNRTI, and three patients harboured the K65R mutation, inducing major resistance to tenofovir.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In Togo, efforts to provide access to ARV therapy for infected persons have increased since 2003, and scaling up of ART started in 2007. The high number of resistant strains observed in Togo shows clearly that the emergence of HIV drug resistance is of increasing concern in countries where ART is now widely used, and can compromise the long-term success of first- and second-line ART.</p

Hepatitis B infection in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Lomé, Togo: Prevalence and molecular consequences

Background. No data are available on HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus coinfection in Togo, and patients are not routinely tested for HBV infection.Objective. To determine the prevalence of HBV and the risk of HBV drug resistance during antiretroviral treatment in HIV-coinfected patients in Togo.Method. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Lomé, Togo, from January 2010 to December 2011 among HIV-infected patients who had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 6 months.Results. In total, 1 212 patients (74.9% female) living with HIV/AIDS and treated with ART were included in the study. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 9.7% (117/1 212; 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.04 - 11.45). Of these 117 HBsAg-positive patients, 16 (13.7%) were hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive, and 115 (98.3%) were on lamivudine. The HBV DNA load was &gt;10 IU/mL in 33/117 patients overall (38%), and in 87.5% of 16 HBeAg-positive patients (p&lt;0.0001). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with HBV DNA load &gt;10 IU/mLwere HBeAg positivity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6.4; p=0.001) and a higher level of education (aOR 6.5; p=0.026). The prevalence of HBV resistance to lamivudine was 13.0% (15/115; 95% CI 7.0 - 19.0). The detected resistance mutations were rtL180M (14/15 patients) and rtM204V/I (15/15).Conclusion. The seroprevalence of HBV among ART-treated HIV-infected patients in Togo was 9.7%. The prevalence of HBV lamivudine resistance mutations after 2 years of ART was 13.0%. These results suggest that HBV screening before ART initiation can be based on HBsAg testing

Augmentation de la résistance aux antibiotiques des Entérobactéries isolées à l’Institut National d’Hygiène de Lomé de 2010 à 2017: Increase in antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the National Institute of Hygiene of Lomé from 2010 to 2017

Introduction: La résistance des Entérobactéries aux antibiotiques est un problème d’importance croissante en pratique médicale. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer le profil de résistance aux antibiotiques des Entérobactéries isolées à l’institut national d’hygiène (INH) de Lomé et d’analyser son évolution dans le temps. Méthodes: Il s’agissait d’une analyse rétrospective, sur une période de huit ans (2010-2017), portant sur l’ensemble des souches d’Entérobactéries isolées des prélèvements pathologiques analysés au laboratoire de bactériologie de l’INH. Résultats: Au total, 5910 Entérobactéries ont été isolées majoritairement des urines (59,59%), avec une prédominance d’Escherichia coli (63,93%) suivie de Klebsiella spp (22,86%). Entre 2010 et 2017, le taux de résistance des souches d’Escherichia coli a augmenté significativement de 18,69% à 39,26% (p&lt; 0,0001) à la Ceftazidime ; de 1,68% à 40,22% à la Ceftriaxone (p&lt; 0,0001) et de 42,37% à 63,23% (p&lt; 0,0001) à la Ciprofloxacine. La résistance des souches de Klebsiella spp à la Ceftazidime a augmenté significativement de 25,26% à 42,54% (p&lt; 0,0001) et celle à la Ceftriaxone de 2,17% à 41,79% (p&lt; 0,0001) respectivement de 2010 à 2017. Conclusion: L’augmentation de la résistance des Entérobactéries aux antibiotiques et surtout l’évolution des résistances aux Céphalosporines de 3e Génération et aux Fluoroquinolones est un phénomène réel. Ceci exposera à des difficultés de prise en charge thérapeutique et nécessite la mise en place des dispositions idoines. Background: Antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is a growing problem in medical practice. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the National Institute of Hygiene (INH) of Lomé and to analyse its evolution over time. Method: This was a retrospective analysis, over a period of eight years (2010-2017), of all strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from pathological samples analysed in the bacteriology laboratory of the INH. Results: A total of 5910 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated mainly from urine (59.59%), with a predominance of Escherichia coli (63.93%) followed by Klebsiella spp (22.86%). Between 2010 and 2017, the resistance rate of Escherichia coli strains increased significantly from 18.69% to 39.26% (p&lt;0.0001) to Ceftazidime; from 1.68% to 40.22% to Ceftriaxone (p&lt;0.0001) and from 42.37% to 63.23% (p&lt;0.0001) to Ciprofloxacin. Resistance of Klebsiella spp strains to Ceftazidime increased significantly from 25.26% to 42.54% (p&lt; 0.0001) and to Ceftriaxone from 2.17% to 41.79% (p&lt; 0.0001) respectively from 2010 to 2017. Conclusion: The increase in antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and especially the evolution of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones is a real phenomenon. This will lead to difficulties in therapeutic management and requires the implementation of appropriate measures

Peoples’ attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, acceptance, and social trust among African and Middle East countries

Background: To end the COVID-19 pandemic, a large part of the world must be immune to the virus by vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to gauge intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among ordinary people and to identify attitudes towards vaccines and barriers for vaccine acceptance. Methods: The study population comprises 1880 people residing in different countries that answer a prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire topics are demographics, historical issues, participants’ attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, concerns, and vaccine hesitancy. Results: Attitudes and beliefs relating to vaccines in general, and the COVID-19 vaccine, were ascertained. Overall, 66.81% of the contributors would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19, while %33.19 did not intend to be vaccinated. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy included concern regarding vaccine side effects, fear of getting sick from the uptake of the vaccine, and the absence of accurate vaccine promotion news. Individuals with higher education believe that India (68.6%) produces the best vaccine (P&lt;0.001), while healthcare workers think the Chinese vaccine (44.2%) is the best (P=0.020). Individuals with higher education have not been vaccinated, not be healthcare workers, and females were the most contributors to effective of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: Given the degree of hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccination, a multifaceted approach to facilitate vaccine uptake that includes vaccine education, behavioral change strategies, and health promotion, is paramount

Facteurs etiologiques des pneumopathies communautaires bacteriennes chez les sujets ages au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tokoin (Togo)

Objectif: Décrire les facteurs étiologiques des pneumopathies communautaires bactériennes non tuberculeuses chez les sujets âgés de 60 ans et plus au CHU-Tokoin au Togo.Patients et méthode: Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective réalisée dans le service de Maladies Infectieuses et de Pneumologie du CHU-Tokoin (Lomé) du 1er janvier 2003 au 31 décembre 2008. Les patients étaient retenus sur la base des arguments cliniques, radiographiques, bactériologiques et évolutifs. Ainsi tout dossier de patient âgé de 60 ans et plus pris en charge dans le service pour une infection pulmonaire à l’exception de la tuberculose a été considéré comme sujet d’étude. Les résultats bactériologiques étaient issus des examens cytobactériologiques (ECB) de la ponction pleurale, de l’expectoration et de l’hémoculture. Le test VIH pour la recherche de l’infection avait été réalisé chez les patients qui avaient donné leur accord.Résultats: Quatre vingt neuf (89) cas soit 11,1 % de pneumopathies bactériennes du sujet âgé ont été enregistrés. Quarante huit (54 %) avaient une mauvaise hygiène buccodentaire. Le sexe ratio homme/femme a été de 1,23. Vingt six soit 29,21 % ont été tabagiques .Vingt deux patients (25 %) ont bénéficié d’une antibiothérapie trois mois avant leur hospitalisation. Seize (35 %) des 46 patients qui ont accepté le test VIH avaient une infection par le VIH associée. Six patients étaient sous chimio prophylaxie au cotrimoxazole dans le cadre de la prise en charge de l’infection par le VIH. Le tableau clinique a été dominé par la toux (85,39 %), dyspnée 59,55 %, la douleur thoracique 57,30 %, fièvre 51,68 %, douleurs thoraciques 57,30 % et parfois l’altération de l’état général 28,09 %. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae étaient les plus rencontrés. Toutes les souches de pneumocoque et Klebsiella étaient sensibles au ceftriaxone, amoxicilline-acide clavulanique, ciprofloxacine et à l’amoxicilline dans 50 % des cas pour le pneumocoque, Cinq souches de pneumocoque et trois de klebsiella étaient résistantes au cotrimoxazole. En première intention la bi antibiothérapie (Amoxicilline plus gentamicine) a été choisie dans 72 % des cas.Mots clés: Pneumopathies, sujet âgé, facteurs étiologiques, TogoEnglish AbstractObjective: Describe etiologic factors of bacterial community pneumonia among person old than 60 years and more in Infectious Diseases and Pneumology Service (CHU-Tokoin) of Togo.Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia among elderly persons in the service of Infectious Diseases and Pneumology (CHU-Tokoin, Togo). The patients were retained on the basis of clinical, radiographic, bacteriological and prognostic argument. Between January 1st 2002 and December 31st 2005 inpatient dossiers were identified. So all file of patient aged of 60 years and older admitted in the service for a pulmonary infection has been considered like topic of survey. The tuberculosis cases were excluded. The bacteriological results were descended of the exams cytobacteriological (ECB) of the pleural puncture, the expectoration and the haemoculture The HIV test had been achieved among the patients who had given their agreement.Results: Eighty nine (89) cases (11.1%) of elderly person with bacterial pneumopathies have been recorded in the service. Forty eight (54%) had bad mouth hygiene. The sex ratio (man / woman) was of 1.23. Twenty six, either 29.21% have smoked. Twenty two patients (25%) had used antibiotherapy three months before their hospitalization. Sixteen (35%) of 46 patients who accepted HIV test had an HIV infection. Six patients were under cotrimoxazole’s prophylaxis. The clinical picture has been dominated by the cough (85.39%), dyspnea 59.55%, the thoracic pain 57.30%, fever 51.68%, thoracic pains 57.30% and the general status alteration 28.09%. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiellas pneumoniae were the more accounted for pneumopathies. All pneumococcus and Klebsiella were sensitive to the ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacine. Fifty percent (50%) of pneumococcus’s cases were also sensitive to amoxicillin.Five stumps of pneumococcus and three of klebsiella were resistant to the cotrimoxazole. In first intention the bi antibiothérapie (Amoxicilline plus gentamicine) has been chosen in 72% of the cases.Keywords: Pneumopathy, elderly persons, Tog

Alcohol use, viral hepatitis and liver fibrosis among HIV-positive persons in West Africa: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION Liver fibrosis is often the first stage of liver disease in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) in industrialized countries. However, little is known about liver fibrosis and its correlates among PLWHIV in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS The study was undertaken in three HIV referral clinics in Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal and Togo. Enrolled PLWHIV underwent a non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis combining liver stiffness measure (LSM) with transient elastography and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). Significant liver fibrosis was defined as LSM ≥7.1 kPa. Patients were screened for alcohol use (alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT)-C questionnaire), hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen, hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) antibody and anti-hepatitis C (HCV) antibody. A logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with significant liver fibrosis. RESULTS A total of 807 PLWHIV were screened at a median age of 43 years (interquartile range (IQR): 36-50). Their median CD4 count was 393 cells/mm(3) (IQR: 234-563) and 682 (84.5%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The prevalence of significant fibrosis was 5.3% (3.8-6.7). Infections with HBV and HCV were identified in 74 (9.2%) and nine (1.1%) participants. Main factors associated with liver fibrosis were alcohol use (AUDIT-C >6): (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, confidence interval (CI): 1.2-14.0), (Ref. AUDIT-C <4) and HBV infection (OR = 2.9, CI: 1.2-7.2). Of the 74 patients positively screened for HBV, 50.0% were on a tenofovir-based ART regimen. Overall, 10% of HIV/HBV coinfected patients were detected with a positive HDV antibody with a higher prevalence in patients with a significant liver fibrosis (43.0%) compared to others (6.3%) (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Considering the WHO recommendations to screen for HBV infection and treat co-infected patients with tenofovir-based ART, screening of alcohol use and brief interventions to prevent alcohol abuse should be implemented in West Africa, especially in HBV/HIV co-infected patients

Intimate partner sexual and physical violence among women in Togo, West Africa: Prevalence, associated factors, and the specific role of HIV infection.

Background: A substantial proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occur within serodiscordant cohabiting heterosexual couples. Intimate partner violence is a major concern for couple-oriented HIV preventive approaches. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected and -uninfected women in Togo. We also described the severity and consequences of this violence as well as care-seeking behaviors of women exposed to intimate partner violence. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2011 within Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lomé. HIV-infected women attending HIV care and uninfected women attending postnatal care and/or children immunization visits were interviewed. Intimate partner physical and sexual violence and controlling behaviors were assessed using an adapted version of the WHO Multi-country study on Women's Health and Life Events questionnaire. Results: Overall, 150 HIV-uninfected and 304 HIV-infected women accepted to be interviewed. The prevalence rates of lifetime physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected women were significantly higher than among uninfected women (63.1 vs. 39.3%, p<0.01 and 69.7 vs. 35.3%, p<0.01, respectively). Forty-two percent of the women reported having ever had physical injuries as a consequence of intimate partner violence. Among injured women, only one-third had ever disclosed real causes of injuries to medical staff and none of them had been referred to local organizations to receive appropriate psychological support. Regardless of HIV status and after adjustment on potential confounders, the risk of intimate partner physical and sexual violence was strongly and significantly associated with male partner multi-partnership and early start of sexual life. Among uninfected women, physical violence was significantly associated with gender submissive attitudes. Discussion and conclusions: The prevalence rates of both lifetime physical and sexual violence were very high among HIV-uninfected women and even higher among HIV-infected women recruited in health facilities in this West African country. Screening for intimate partner violence should be systematic in health-care settings, and specifically within HIV care services. At a time of increased investments in couple-oriented HIV prevention interventions, further longitudinal research to better understanding of HIV-serodiscordant couple dynamics in terms of intimate partner violence is needed