p16INK4a Expression and Immunologic Aging in Chronic HIV Infection

Chronic HIV infection is characterized by increased immune activation and immunosenescence. p16 INK4a (p16) is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase antagonist family that inhibits cellular proliferation, and its protein expression increases during normal chronological aging. However, some infectious diseases can increase the expression of this anti-proliferative protein, potentially accelerating immunological aging and dysfunction. In order to investigate the immunological aging in HIV patients, p16 protein expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, in T cell subsets in a cohort of chronically HIV-infected patients on and off ART as well as age-matched healthy controls. Results showed that untreated HIV-infected subjects exhibited increased per-cell p16 protein expression that was discordant with chronological aging. ART restored p16 protein expression to levels comparable with HIV-negative subjects in the CD4 compartment, but not in CD8 T cells, which can be an indicative of an irreversible activation/exhaustion status on these cells. Additionally, the frequency of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with p16 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in untreated subjects. In contrast to healthy controls, untreated HIV-infected individuals had increased p16 levels within the effector memory (TEM) subset, indicating a possible role for this marker in impaired clonal expansion during antiviral effector function. Taken together, these data demonstrate that chronic HIV infection is associated with elevated expression of the cellular aging marker p16 in T cells. ART restored normal p16 levels in the CD4+ T cell compartment, indicating that use of therapy can be of fundamental importance to normal cell cycling and maintaining immune homeostasis

Antimicrobial Activity of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids: An Update

Triterpenoids are the most representative group of phytochemicals, as they comprise more than 20,000 recognized molecules. These compounds are biosynthesized in plants via squalene cyclization, a C30 hydrocarbon that is considered to be the precursor of all steroids. Due to their low hydrophilicity, triterpenes were considered to be inactive for a long period of time; however, evidence regarding their wide range of pharmacological activities is emerging, and elegant studies have highlighted these activities. Several triterpenic skeletons have been described, including some that have presented with pentacyclic features, such as oleanolic and ursolic acids. These compounds have displayed incontestable biological activity, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal effects, which were not included in a single review until now. Thus, the present review investigates the potential use of these triterpenes against human pathogens, including their mechanisms of action, via in vivo studies, and the future perspectives about the use of compounds for human or even animal health are also discussed

Evaluation of Rhamnetin as an Inhibitor of the Pharmacological Effect of Secretory Phospholipase A2

Rhamnetin (Rhm), 3-O-methylquercetin (3MQ), and Rhamnazin (Rhz) are methylated derivatives of quercetin commonly found in fruits and vegetables that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) displays several important roles during acute inflammationtherefore, this study aimed at investigating new compounds able to inhibit this enzyme, besides evaluating creatine kinase (CK) levels and citotoxicity. Methylated quercetins were compared with quercetin (Q) and were incubated with secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) from Bothrops jararacussu to determine their inhibitory activity. Cytotoxic studies were performed by using the J774 cell lineage incubated with quercertins. In vivo tests were performed with Swiss female mice to evaluate decreasing paw edema potential and compounds' CK levels. Structural modifications on sPLA2 were made with circular dichroism (CD). Despite Q and Rhz showing greater enzymatic inhibitory potential, high CK was observed. Rhm exhibited sPLA2 inhibitory potential, no toxicity and, remarkably, it decreased CK levels. The presence of 3OH on the C-ring of Rhm may contribute to both its anti-inflammatory and enzymatic inhibition of sPLA2, and the methylation of ring A may provide the increase in cell viability and low CK level induced by sPLA2. These results showed that Rhm can be a candidate as a natural compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed São Paulo, Postgrad Program Food Nutr & Hlth, BR-11015020 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Biosci Inst, BR-11330900 São Paulo, BrazilBrazil Univ, Prorector Res, BR-08230030 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Pathol Lab Infect Dis LIM50, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, BR-01246903 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed São Paulo, Postgrad Program Food Nutr & Hlth, BR-11015020 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Repurposing Butenafine as An Oral Nanomedicine for Visceral Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease a_ecting more than 12 million people worldwide, which in its visceral clinical form (VL) is characterised by the accumulation of parasites in the liver and spleen, and can lead to death if not treated. Available treatments are not well tolerated due to severe adverse e_ects, need for parenteral administration and patient hospitalisation, and long duration of expensive treatments. These treatment realities justify the search for new e_ective drugs, repurposing existing licensed drugs towards safer and non-invasive cost-e_ective medicines for VL. In this work, we provide proof of concept studies of butenafine and butenafine self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (B-SNEDDS) against Leishmania infantum. Liquid B-SNEDDS were optimised using design of experiments, and then were spray-dried onto porous colloidal silica carriers to produce solid-B-SNEDDS with enhanced flow properties and drug stability. Optimal liquid B-SNEDDS consisted of Butenafine:Capryol 90:Peceol:Labrasol (3:49.5:24.2:23.3 w/w), which were then sprayed-dried with Aerosil 200 with a final 1:2 (Aerosil:liquid B-SNEDDS w/w) ratio. Spray-dried particles exhibited near-maximal drug loading, while maintaining excellent powder flow properties (angle of repose <10_) and sustained release in acidic gastrointestinal media. Solid-B-SNEDDS demonstrated greater selectivity index against promastigotes and L. infantum-infected amastigotes than butenafine alone. Developed oral solid nanomedicines enable the non-invasive and safe administration of butenafine as a cost-e_ective and readily scalable repurposed medicine for VL

Antileishmanial activity of meroditerpenoids from the macroalgae Cystoseira baccata

The development of novel drugs for the treatment of leishmaniases continues to be crucial to overcome the severe impacts of these diseases on human and animal health. Several bioactivities have been described in extracts from macroalgae belonging to the Cystoseira genus. However, none of the studies has reported the chemical compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity observed upon incubation of the parasite with the aforementioned extracts. Thus, this work aimed to isolate and characterize the molecules present in a hexane extract of Cystoseira baccata that was found to be bioactive against Leishmania infantum in a previous screening effort. A bioactivity-guided fractionation of the C. baccata extract was carried out and the inhibitory potential of the isolated compounds was evaluated via the MIT assay against promastigotes and murine macrophages as well as direct counting against intracellular amastigotes. Moreover, the promastigote ultrastructure, DNA fragmentation and changes in the mitochondrial potential were assessed to unravel their mechanism of action. In this process, two antileishmanial meroditerpenoids, (3R)- and (3S)-tetraprenyltoluquinol (1a/1b) and (3R)- and (3S)-tetraprenyltoluquinone (2a/2b), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the growth of the L. infantum promastigotes (IC50 = 44.9 +/- 4.3 and 94.4 +/- 10.1 mu M, respectively), inducing cytoplasmic vacuolization and the presence of coiled multilamellar structures in mitochondria as well as an intense disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Compound 1 decreased the intracellular infection index (IC50 = 25.0 +/- 4.1 mu M), while compound 2 eliminated 50% of the intracellular amastigotes at a concentration > 88.0 mu M. This work identified compound 2 as a novel metabolite and compound 1 as a biochemical isolated from Cystoseira algae displaying antileishmanial activity. Compound 1 can thus be an interesting scaffold for the development of novel chemotherapeutic molecules for canine and human visceral leishmaniases studies. This work reinforces the evidence of the marine environment as source of novel molecules. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Portuguese FCT CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013FAPESP [2013/16297-2, 2015/11936-2]CNPq [470853/2012-3]FCT doctoral grants [ SFRH/BD/105541/2014 ]FCT Investigator Programme [IF/00049/2012]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Proteins of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi confer protection associated with Th1 immune response and memory generation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Leishmania (Viannia) shawi </it>parasite was first characterized in 1989. Recently the protective effects of soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) from <it>L. (V.) shawi </it>promastigotes were demonstrated using BALB/c mice, the susceptibility model for this parasite. In order to identify protective fractions, SLA was fractionated by reverse phase HPLC and five antigenic fractions were obtained.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>F1 fraction was purified from L. (V.) shawi parasite extract by reverse phase HPLC. BALB/c mice were immunized once a week for two consecutive weeks by subcutaneous routes in the rump, using 25 μg of F1. After 1 and 16 weeks of last immunization, groups were challenged in the footpad with L. (V.) shawi promastigotes. After 2 months, those same mice were sacrificed and parasite burden, cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The F1 fraction induced a high degree of protection associated with an increase in IFN-γ, a decrease in IL-4, increased cell proliferation and activation of CD8⁺T lymphocytes. Long-term protection was acquired in F1-immunized mice, associated with increased CD4⁺central memory T lymphocytes and activation of both CD4⁺and CD8⁺T cells. In addition, F1-immunized groups showed an increase in IgG2a levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The inductor capability of antigens to generate memory lymphocytes that can proliferate and secrete beneficial cytokines upon infection could be an important factor in the development of vaccine candidates against American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.</p

Therapeutic activity of a topical formulation containing 8-hydroxyquinoline for cutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, however, only a limited number of drugs are available and include Glucantime® and amphotericin B, which in patients induce unacceptable side effects, limiting their use. Thus, there is an urgent demand to develop a treatment for leishmaniasis. Recently, it was demonstrated that 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) showed significant leishmanicidal effects in vitro and in vivo. Based on it, this work aimed to develop a topical formulation containing 8-HQ and assess its activity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. 8-HQ was formulated using Beeler base at 1 and 2% and showed an emulsion size with a D50 of 25 and 51.3 µm respectively with a shear-thinning rheological behaviour. The creams were able to permeate artificial Strat-M membranes and excised porcine skin without causing any  morphological changes in porcine skin or murine skin tested. In BALB/c mice infected with L. (L.) amazonensis, topical treatment with creams containing 1 or 2% of 8-HQ was found to reduce parasite burden and lesion size compared to infected controls with comparable efficacy to Glucantime® (50mg/kg) administered at the site of cutaneous lesion. In the histological section of the skin from infected controls, a diffuse inflammatory infiltrate with many heavily infected macrophages that were associated with areas of necrosis was observed. On the contrary, animals treated with both creams showed only moderate inflammatory infiltrate, characterized by few infected macrophages, while tissue necrosis was not observed. These histological characteristics in topically treated animals were associated with an increase in the amount of IFN- γ  and a reduction in IL-4 levels. The topical use of 8-HQ was active in decreasing tissue parasitism and should therefore be considered an interesting alternative directed to the treatment of leishmaniasis, considering that this type of treatment is noninvasive, painless, and, importantly, does not require hospitalization, improving patient compliance by allowing to conduct the treatment

Analysis of cellular immune response induced by proteic antigens isolated from Leishmania (Viannia) shawi

A espécie Leishmania (Viannia) shawi foi caracterizada recentemente pelo grupo de Lainson. Estudos recentes indicam o importante papel médico epidemiológico deste parasito no Brasil. Portanto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram caracterizar o modelo experimental murino desta infecção, purificar antígenos protéicos e avaliar seus graus de proteção após desafio. Para caracterizar o modelo murino de infecção, camundongos das linhagens BALB/c e C57BL/6 foram infectados na pata com formas promastigotas e os achados histopatológicos e imunológicos foram avaliados durante a evolução da infecção. Para os estudos de imunização foram utilizados 10 diferentes antígenos: três secretados/excretados pelas formas promastigotas de L. (V.) shawi, dois intracelulares solúveis das formas amastigotas (AgAma) e promastigotas (AgPro), e cinco frações protéicas purificadas a partir do antígeno intracelular solúvel das formas promastigotas. Estes antígenos foram utilizados para imunizar camundongos da linhagem BALB/c duas vezes, subcutaneamente no dorso. Após uma semana da última imunização, os animias foram desafiados com formas promastigotas. O desenvolvimento das lesões nos animais foram acompanhadas por seis ou oito semanas pós desafio (PD), quando os animais foram sacrificados para análise da carga parasitária e dos aspectos relacionados às respostas imune celular e humoral. Camundongos da linhagem BALB/c foram altamente susceptíveis à infecção, uma vez que as mudanças histopatológicas e da imunidade humoral foram mais pronunciadas nos camundongos BALB/c que em C57BL/6. Os antígenos secretados/excretados de baixa massa molecular induziram alta taxa de proteção em comparação aos animais não imunizados, já os antígenos secretados/excretados de média massa molecular protegeram intermediariamente os animais, possivelmente pela alta expressão de IFN-g e IL-4 nos linfócitos T CD8+. AgAma e AgPro tiveram uma resposta antagônica nos animais, pois o AgAma suprimiu a produção de IFN-g e IL-12, contudo houve maior produção de TGF-b, facilitando o aumento do parasitismo na pele e em linfonodos. A despeito da detecção de TGF-b nos animais imunizados com AgPro, houve um balanço entre a produção de citocinas, com a participação de IL-12 e IFN-g, que levou a um controle do parasitismo em pele. Através da purificação do AgPro foi visto que os antígenos F1 e F5 protegeram os animais da infecção na pele após desafio, e ainda F1 também protegeu os linfonodos destes animais. Os antígenos F3 e F4 levaram a exacerbação das lesões de pele. A identificação, por espectrometria de massa, do antígeno F1 revelou a presença de 67 componentes, sendo que a maioria deles não possui identificação. Ainda, o antígeno F1 protegeu duradouramente os animais associado à estimulação de linfócitos T CD8+ de memória, contudo a presença de baixos números de parasitos pode ser o reflexo da alta produção de IL-10. Estes dados indicam que o antígeno F1 pode representar um importante candidato vacinal contra a Leishmaniose Tegumentar AmericanaLeishmania (Viannia) shawi specie was recently characterized by Lainson group. Currently, studies indicate important medical and epidemiological role of this parasite in Brazil. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the experimental murine model of this infection, purify proteic antigens and evaluate their protection degrees after challenge. To characterize the murine model of infection, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected in the footpad with promastigote forms, and the histopathological and immunological findings were evaluated during the evolution of infection. For the immunization studies, 10 different antigens were used, as follow: three released/excreted by promastigote forms of L. (V.) shawi; two intracellular soluble antigens from amastigote (AgAma) and promastigote forms (AgPro), and 5 proteic fractions purified from soluble intracellular antigens from promastigote forms. These antigens have been used to immunize BALB/c mice twice, subcutaneously in the rump. After 1 week of last immunization, the animals were challenged. The lesion developments in animals were followed during either six or eight weeks post-challenge (PC), when the animals were sacrificed to evaluate the parasite load and aspects of cellular and humoral immune responses. BALB/c mice were the most susceptible to L. (V.) shawi infection, since the histopathological and humoral changes were higher in BALB/c than C57BL/6 mice. Secreted/excreted antigens of low molecular mass induced high protection rate compared to non-immunized mice, already mice immunized with secreted/released antigens of medium molecular mass showed mild protection, possibly caused by high expression of IFN-g and IL-4 by CD8+ T lymphocytes. AgAma and AgPro showed antagonic response in animals, since AgAma suppressed the IFN-g and IL-12 production, however high level of TGF-b has been detected, allowing the increasing of parasitism in the skin and lymph nodes. In spite of the detection of TGF-b in AgPro-immunized mice, there was a balance in the cytokines production, with the participation of IFN-g and IL-12, leading to parasite control in skin. Through the purification of AgPro, it was observed a protective effect of F1 and F5 antigens in the skin after challenge; in addition, F1 also protected the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice. Both F3 and F4 antigens exacerbated the skin infection. The identification, by mass spectrometry, revealed that F1 was composed by 67 components, and the majority has not been identified till now. Moreover, F1 induced long-lasting immunity in BALB/c mice, associated to generation of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes, however low parasitism could be the reflect of high production of IL-10. These data indicate which F1 antigen could be an important vaccine candidate against American Tegumentar Leishmaniasi

Rare Presentation of Chromoblastomycosis Due to Multiple Simultaneous Inoculations: A Case Report

Chronic infectious, granulomatous and suppurative dermatosis, classified among the subcutaneous mycoses, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and caused by the traumatic implantation of dematiaceous fungal species, where the presence of muriform bodies is an expression of the causal agent in the grafted tissue, are characteristic of chromoblastomycosis. Considered the second implantation mycosis in the world, it manifests itself with slow and progressive growth lesions of exophytic and verrucous plaques and black dots on the surface.The disease is considered a neglected and occupational disease, which occurs mainly among agricultural workers, coconut and babassu harvesters, lumberjacks, and traders of agricultural products. It is important to highlight that people at risk of contracting chromoblastomycosis work in tropical countries, where the temperature can be above 40 &deg;C in summer, and generally refuse to wear protective equipment during the day (shoes, gloves, clothes, etc.), although they know that this type of prophylactic measure can prevent different types of diseases. These vulnerable people often live in low-income countries and sometimes live far from medical services and, once infected, do not seek medical attention. We report below an exuberant and unusual case due to multiple simultaneous inoculations on the back after the patient suffered an accidental fall while working on his farm. The diagnosis was established by direct mycological examination, histopathological examination, culture, microculture, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis that identified the agent of the Fonsecaea pedrosoi