Urethritis

The thesis is divided into four parts. A. "Balanitis". This part contains cases of "Balanitis" in which urethritis was a prominent symptom. One hundred and ninety-eight cases were investigated. In only 13 cases was urethritis severe enough to warrant the diagnosis of "balano-urethritis". This part also contains all those cases described in the Appendix under the heading "Miscellaneae", complicated in varying degree by urethritis. Some cases were of venereal origin, several not. Several cases were actually dermatoses. It has been clearly shown that only rarely do cases require special treatment and subsequent observations after clinical cure and test of cure. The 13 cases of "balano-urethritis" fall into this category. Treatment consists of one or more of the following:- irrigations; sulphonamides; antibiotics; urological, radiological or surgical interventions. This part emphasizes one important point, namely that many cases of urethritis are secondary to a large group of diseases which may be venereal or non-venereal. The diagnosis of non-specific urethritis of unknown origin would be made less frequently if a full investigation were made to exclude these diseases, which are often the primary cause of the urethritis. B. "Gonorrhoea mixed with other organisms", Thirty-seven cases were investigated between 1953 and 1957. The commonest combinations of mixed infections were Gonococci with l) Diphtheroids, 2) Staphylococci and 3) Coliform bacteria. Combined chemotherapy (sulphonamide-antibiotic) in mixed infections is described and the indications for this therapy and the prevention of acquired drug-resistance. In all cases of mixed gonorrhoea cultures and sensitivity tests are obligator, because microscopical examination of smears is insufficient. The selection and administration of therapeutic agents should only be decided after culture and sensitivity tests have been performed. In mixed infections all the infecting organisms should be regarded as of equal importance. Treatment consists of penicillin together with any other appropriate antibiotic or sulphonamide. These cases require longer observation after final test of cure than simple Gonorrhoea. They should be periodically examined subsequently, especially, if there had been prostatic involvement. C. "Bacterial Non-Gonococcal Urethritis" (B.N.G.U.). One hundred and seven patients and 43 controls were investigated. The incidence of venereal B.N.G.U. in my experience is much higher than that of the non-bacterial venereal condition. It is approximately twice as frequent. This is the reverse of what other workers have found in other areas. Each case must be carefully investigated to establish the correct diagnosis, which in many instances is much more difficult, than simple gonorrhoea. Examination of several smeary cultures, and sensitivity tests are obligatory. Before taking specimens, careful cleansing of the meatus is essential. Prostatic investigation is very important, and valuable especially in cases, with recurrent urethritis and cases of previous gonococcal infection. In time B.N.G.U. treatment is indicated as a rule. Some cases may have to be treated before cultures are available (e.g. sailors). In most cases treatment should be withheld until the results of cultures and sensitivity tests are to hand. The general principles of treatment, observation and tests of cure are as stringent as for gonorrhoea. Patients should be warned about the consequence of failure to observe these principles. D. "Abacterial Urethritis" (A.U.). No bacteria are found in the exudate either on direct examination or by culture. In my experience this is a relatively rare disease. Treatment is very difficult. Complications are much more frequent than in B.N.G.U. or in gonorrhoea. The chief complications are epididymitis and prostatitis. The latter usually recurs in a asymptomatic form. In addition recurrences are common in A.U. Therefore, this type of urethritis must be carefully and conscientiously investigated and thoroughly treated. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Comparison of fixation and saccades identification algorithms in the eye tracking recordings for medical diagnosis

The article presents a comparative analysis of selected algorithms for eye movements identification. The analysis is based on a comparison of the classification of fixation and saccades using I-VT and I-DT algorithms. For the algorithms comparison the application that implementing the identification of eye tracking data has been developed. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of graphs

Assertive Anger Mediates Effects of Dialectical Behaviour-informed Skills Training for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)-informed skills training for borderline personality disorder (BPD) aims at the development of specific emotion regulation skills in patients, particularly with regard to the regulation of problematic anger. While the effects of dialectical behaviour skills training have been shown, their processes of change are rarely examined. Neacsiu, Rizvi and Linehan (2010) found that patient's self-reported use of emotion regulation skills was a mediator of therapeutic change in these treatments; however, they found no effect for problematic anger. From an integrative perspective on anger (Pascual-Leone & Greenberg, 2007; Pascual-Leone & Paivio, 2013), there are several forms of anger, varying in their degree of therapeutic productivity. The present add-on randomized controlled trial included n = 41 patients with BPD (n = 21 DBT-informed skills training versus n = 20 treatment as usual). The first study examined the outcome of the DBT-informed skills training encompassing basic components of training in mindfulness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness and emotion regulation. Results showed that symptom reduction was significantly greater in the DBT-informed skills training, compared with the treatment as usual. The second study used process assessment, for which all patient completers underwent a 50-min-long psychological interview both early and late in treatment, which was rated using the Classification of Affective Meaning States. DBT-informed skills training produced increased levels of primary 'assertive' anger, as compared with the treatment as usual, whereas no effect was found for 'rejecting' secondary anger. Most importantly, we showed that changes in assertive anger mediated the reported symptom reduction, in particular in patient's social roles. We discuss these results in the context of underlying mechanisms of change in DBT skills group treatments, in particular towards developing more productive forms of anger in this patient population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A 20-session dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)-informed skills training is a promising adjunct intervention for patients with borderline personality disorder, in particular for reducing problems related to social role. Increases in assertive anger mediate the effects of DBT-informed skills training, whereas rejecting anger remains unchanged over the course of treatment. Short-term objectives for intervention might involve the specific increase of assertive anger in BPD, by using DBT-informed skills training; long-term objectives for intervention might involve a specific decrease of rejecting anger in BPD

Organisational Pathologies Under Conditions of Economic Downswing

The topic of organisational pathology is surprisingly absent in literature on management, especially when bearing in mind the theoretical and practical import of such questions. The intention of the author is to fill in this gap, at least partially. The paper is based on an analysis of literature and an empirical research conducted by the author. The research applied partially structured interviews as its method. These interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs and managers of various levels. They made possible the drawing of conclusions relating to conditions behind the genesis and growth of selected organisational pathologies in a situation of economic downswing. The article briefly presents the concept and influence of pathology on the functioning of an organisation. The author concentrates on the causes of the phenomenon and presents them from various perspectives. It is during times of economic downswing that an increase in unethical behaviour, including corruption, mobbing as well as others, becomes particularly visible. Also noticeable is concentrating on limiting costs, which can sometimes reach pathological scale. This can lead to a permanent loss of pro-development potential by the organisation. Moreover, numerous pathological phenomena emerge at the tangent point of the organisation and its surroundings. The source of many undesirable phenomena in the organisation and in its relations with its surroundings is a fall in trust, which makes its appearance in crisis situations. More often than not, managers facing a situation in which they have no choice perpetuate organisational pathologies, whilst, at the same time, being aware of the lack of validity of their actions. However, a more frequent source of problems is the differences in perspective in perceiving organisational phenomena by various actors and stakeholders

Areas and sources of organizational pathologies

Patologią organizacyjną jest długotrwała istotna niesprawność powodująca marnotrawstwo w organizacji. Źródeł patologii należy poszukiwać zarówno w samej organizacji, jak i jej otoczeniu. Badanie tych zjawisk jest jednak utrudnione z powodu różnie motywowanej niechęci respondentów do ujawniania problemów organizacji. Nieco łatwiej bada się patologie administracji i ten obszar jest lepiej poznany. Niezależnie od indywidualnej specyfiki większość patologii może być interpretowana jako niepożądane przesunięcie celów. W artykule opisywane są patologie wywołane czynnikami wewnętrznymi oraz powstałe w wyniku interakcji organizacji z otoczeniem.An organizational pathology is a long-lasting, substantial malfunction which causes waste within the organization. Sources of pathologies can be found both inside the organization and in its environment. It is particularly difficult to study pathologies in business because, for various reasons, respondents are reluctant to disclose the problems of the organization. Pathologies in administration are slightly easier to investigate, and therefore this area has been studied more thoroughly. Regardless of differences between individual cases, most pathologies can be interpreted as an undesired shift of goals, which may therefore be considered a universal pathology. The article describes both pathologies caused by internal factors and those arising when the organization interacts with the environment

The awareness of road threats in selected professional groups and road safety in the aspect of state internal safety

Referat przedstawia wyniki badań na temat świadomości zagrożeń w ruchu drogowym, przeprowadzonych w trzech grup zawodowych. Przedstawia odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące własnej oceny znajomości przepisów ruchu drogowego, odpowiedzi na kilka pytań z zakresu podstawowych przepisów ruchu drogowego, oceny zagrożeń w ruchu drogowym i proponowanych rozwiązań dla poprawy stanu bezpieczeństwa na polskich drogach.This paper presents results of research about awareness of road traffic threats carried out on three occupational groups. Questions included: self evaluation of familiarity of road traffic regulations, a short test of traffic regulations knowledge, rating threats and suggestion of solutions for road safety improvement

YouTube, I watch. Reception practices of the YouTube viewer

The usage of YouTube makes part of watching moving images long tradition. It also expresses some of the actual concerns of culture in the Internet era, as: hybridity, convergence, mashup. A description of this phenomenon, presented in the first chapter, makes use of a metaphor of database. This notion emphasizes the active role that user plays in receiving the YouTube message. Characteristic of YouTube as a database had been here organized around three features: multitude, variety and destabilization. Data explosion has its roots in the technology expansion, both the one that enables moving image recording and the one proving its circulation. The source of the service’s development, meaning also the growth of content, was related to the mutual connection between commercial and non-professional producers. Various and numerous senders provide content of great variety. Variety is also caused by unification of service’s files format, that leads to media frontiers being blurred. The feature of destabilization amplifies the absence of authority in the archive as well as the service’s specific mode of indexation. Additionally it indicates the fluidity of the content and heterogeneous character of reception practices.Second chapter introduces subject of the viewers activity. Reception practices of YouTube content had been divided into two types: usage of YouTube in terms of a device to find audiovisual materials and in terms of aim, as an environment conditioning the appearance of a certain type of content. Mashup logic and participatory culture constitute the context of the viewer’s activity. Both of these phenomena place the reception of YouTube in correlation of everyday Internet usage, as well as draw attention to the active role of the viewer’s performance. Specific way of using YouTube provides individual databases. These databases embody certain phenomena that affect contemporary media experience, such as: mobility and defragmentation; they refer as well to the increasing importance of video and to the relationship between an individual’s memory and an archive.Chapter three includes the description of the reception practice that aims YouTube and an attempt to define this aim. The example of two popular YouTube text are used in analysis of the significance of their reception. First one, Alligator Attack In Illinois, evokes the context of amateur video of the past and projects reception differences that this kind of material experiences nowadays. It is also a pretext to observe the notions of memetics and fan culture, of which the second example - Forfiter Blues – is a product. Analysis of sources of popularity of both reveals their relationship to the medium of their existence – first one unwillingly, second by purposed artistic operations. It is then revealed in conclusion, that the mentioned aim is, in a sense, moving toward us due to the networked environment and its logic of information spread.Użytkowanie serwisu YouTube wpisuje się w długą tradycję oglądania ruchomych obrazów. Jednocześnie wyraża aktualne zagadnienia dotyczące badań kultury w dobie Internetu, takie jak: hybrydowość, konwergencja, mashup. Opis tego zjawiska, zamieszczony w rozdziale pierwszym niniejszej pracy, posługuje się metaforą bazy danych. To pojęcie podkreśla aktywną rolę użytkownika w odbiorze przekazu YouTube. Charakterystyka YouTube jako bazy danych została zorganizowana wokół trzech cech: wielości, różnorodności i destabilizacji. Natłok danych ma swoje źródło w ekspansji technologii umożliwiającej rejestrację ruchomego obrazu oraz jego cyrkulację. Na rozwój serwisu, czyli m.in. zwiększanie jego zawartości, miało wpływ wzajemne sprzężenie nadawców komercyjnych i nieprofesjonalnych. Różnorodni i liczni nadawcy dostarczają różnorodne treści. Różnorodność ma swoje źródło także w ujednoliconym formacie plików zamieszczanych w serwisie, co prowadzi do zatarcia się granic między mediami. Cecha destabilizacji natomiast podkreśla absencję autorytetu w obrębie tego archiwum oraz specyficzny sposób indeksowania, na którym opiera się serwis. Dodatkowo sygnalizuje płynność zawartości i zapowiada niejednorodny charakter praktyk odbiorczych.Drugi rozdział wprowadza temat działalności widza. Praktyki odbiorcze zawartości serwisu zostały podzielone na dwa typy: wykorzystanie YouTube jako narzędzia do odnajdywania materiałów audiowizualnych oraz jako celu, środowiska, które umożliwia zaistnienie określonego typu treści. Kontekstem dla działalności widza okazuje się logika mashup i kultura uczestnictwa. Oba te zjawiska umieszczają odbiór YouTube w korelacji z codziennym doświadczeniem użytkowania Internetu, jak również zwracają uwagę na aktywny charakter działalności widza. Specyficzny sposób użytkowania YouTube prowadzi do powstawania indywidualnych baz danych. Te bazy danych są wykładnią zjawisk dotykających współczesne doświadczenie medialne, takich jak: mobilność i defragmentacja; odnoszą się także do wzrostu znaczenia wideo oraz do związku między pamięcią jednostki i archiwum. Rozdział trzeci zawiera opis praktyki odbiorczej stawiającej YouTube za cel i próbę definicji owego celu. Na przykładzie dwóch popularnych przykładów dokonana zostaje próba analizy znaczenia ich odbioru. Pierwszy, Alligator Attack In Illinois przywołuje kontekst tradycji filmów amatorskich oraz podkreśla różnice odbiorcze jakie doświadcza tego typu materiał dzisiaj. Jest także pretekstem do analizy zjawiska memetyki oraz kultury fanowskiej, której wytworem okazuje się drugi przykład – Forfiter Blues. Analiza źródeł popularności obu, wykazuje ich związki z medium, w którym zaistniały – pierwszy mimowolnie, drugi dzięki celowym zabiegom artystycznym. W konkluzji ukazane zostaje, że tytułowy cel niejako dąży do nas sam dzięki środowisku sieciowemu, dla którego jest właściwy i panującej w jego obrębie logice rozprzestrzeniania informacji

footies hoolies street art

Analiza porównawcza murali kibicowskich w Krakowieanalissys of football hoolies graffitties in Craco