50 research outputs found

    Everyday physical activity in natural settings and subjective well-being : Direct connections and psychological mediators

    Get PDF
    LuontoympĂ€ristöjen lĂ€heisyys voi vĂ€hentÀÀ stressiĂ€ ja kannustaa liikkumaan. NĂ€mĂ€ tekijĂ€t puolestaan ovat yhteydessĂ€ pidempiaikaiseen hyvinvointiin. YmpĂ€ristöpsykologian tutkimuksessa luontoympĂ€ristöille ’altistumisen’ hyvinvointiyhteyksiĂ€ on selitetty niin sanotulla elpymisellĂ€, jota on lĂ€hestytty kahdesta teoreettisesta viitekehyksestĂ€. Toinen nĂ€istĂ€ painottaa tarkkaavuuden elpymistĂ€ ja toinen psykofyysistĂ€ stressin vĂ€henemistĂ€. Valtaosa erilaisille ympĂ€ristöille altistumista ja hyvinvointia kĂ€sittelevĂ€stĂ€ tutkimuksesta on keskittynyt (luonto)ympĂ€ristöjen saavutettavuuteen ja sellaisiin fyysisiin ominaisuuksiin, jotka tukevat elpymistĂ€. VĂ€hemmĂ€lle huomiolle on jÀÀnyt yksilöiden psykologiset tekijĂ€t kuten motiivit, huomion suuntautuminen ja vuorovaikutus ympĂ€ristön kanssa. LisĂ€ksi valtaosa tutkimuksesta, joka vertailee liikkumisen hyvinvointivaikutuksia rakennetuissa ja luontoympĂ€ristöissĂ€, on kokeellisia. Vaikka niiden tulokset viittaavat siihen, ettĂ€ luontoympĂ€ristö tuo pienen lisĂ€arvon liikunnan tunnettuihin hyvinvointivaikutuksiin, ei tiedetĂ€ pĂ€tevĂ€tkö samat tulokset jokapĂ€ivĂ€isessĂ€ elĂ€mĂ€ssĂ€, jolloin sekĂ€ liikuntamuoto ettĂ€ sen harrastuspaikka on itse valittu. TĂ€mĂ€ vĂ€itöskirja osallistuu aiheen tutkimukseen tarkastelemalla jokapĂ€ivĂ€isten luontokĂ€yntien suhdetta mielialaan, elpymiseen ja hyvinvointiin, ja psykologisia tekijöitĂ€ jotka selittĂ€vĂ€t nĂ€itĂ€ suhteita. Osatutkimukset 1-3 ovat korrelatiivisia ja perustuvat suomalaisiin kyselyaineistoihin. Osatutkimus 4 tiivistÀÀ kahden kenttĂ€kokeen tulokset, joissa osallistujat kĂ€velivĂ€t joko metsĂ€ssĂ€ tai kaupunkipuistossa. Kaikissa tutkimuksissa menetelminĂ€ kĂ€ytetÀÀn rakenneyhtĂ€lömallinnusta, joissa samassa mallissa voidaan tarkastella useampia selittĂ€viĂ€ tekijöitĂ€, riippuvia muuttujia ja mediaattoreita (soveltuvin osin). EnsimmĂ€isessĂ€ osatutkimuksessa luontoympĂ€ristöissĂ€ liikkumisen useus selitti parempaa emotionaalista hyvinvointia sekĂ€ koettua terveyttĂ€, vaikka useita tunnettuja hyvinvointia ja liikuntaa selittĂ€viĂ€ tekijöitĂ€ oli vakioitu. Rakennetussa ulkoympĂ€ristöissĂ€ liikkumisen useus oli yhteydessĂ€ parempaan koettuun terveyteen muttei emotionaaliseen hyvinvointiin. SisĂ€liikunnalla ei vastaavia yhteyksiĂ€ ollut. Toisessa osatutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin viimeisintĂ€ liikuntakertaa joko luonto-, sisĂ€- tai rakennetussa ulkoympĂ€ristössĂ€. Elpyminen oli keskimÀÀrin hieman suurempaa luontoliikunnan jĂ€lkeen, mutta jotkin osa-alueet kuten kokemus itsevarmuudesta oli suurempaa sisĂ€liikunnan jĂ€lkeen. Elpymiskokemukset eivĂ€t kuitenkaan selittĂ€neet sitĂ€, miksi luontoliikunnalla on yhteys pidempiaikaiseen emotionaaliseen hyvinvointiin. Kolmas osatutkimus tarkasteli pelkĂ€stÀÀn luontokĂ€yntejĂ€. Motiivit ja huomion kohteet viimeisimmĂ€llĂ€ luontokĂ€ynnillĂ€ selittivĂ€t merkittĂ€vÀÀ osaa kĂ€ynnin jĂ€lkeisestĂ€ elpymisestĂ€ ja hyvinvoinnista. MitĂ€ suurempi tarve vĂ€hentÀÀ stressiĂ€, sitĂ€ suurempaa oli koettu elpyminen ja hyvinvointi kĂ€ynnin jĂ€lkeen, kun taas toive olla yksin oli yhteydessĂ€ matalampaan elpymiseen ja hyvinvointiin. Huomion kohdistus omiin tunteisiin/ajatuksiin, ympĂ€ristöön sekĂ€ toimintaan (muttei toisiin ihmisiin) olivat kaikki yhteydessĂ€ korkeampaan elpymiseen ja hyvinvointiin. NeljĂ€nnessĂ€ osatutkimuksessa havaittiin, ettĂ€ 4-6 kilometrin kĂ€vely luonnossa lisĂ€si elpymistĂ€ ja positiivista mielialaa yhtĂ€ lailla riippumatta siitĂ€, tekivĂ€tkö osallistujat elpymis- tai muita psykologisia harjoitteita kĂ€velyn aikana vai eivĂ€t. SillĂ€, millaisia harjoitteita teki, oli kuitenkin pieni yhteys tarkkaavuuden yllĂ€pitoon. Kokonaisuudessaan tulokset tĂ€ydentĂ€vĂ€t ja tukevat kokeellisia tutkimustuloksia, joissa hyvin monenlaisten luontoaltistusten on löydetty parantavan mielialaa ja lisÀÀvĂ€n elpymistĂ€. Tuloksissa mielialan ja hyvinvoinnin kannalta nĂ€yttĂ€ytyivĂ€t tĂ€rkeinĂ€ myös psykologiset tekijĂ€t kuten motiivit, huomion kohdistus ja vuorovaikutus ympĂ€ristön kanssa, joita on tutkittu vĂ€hemmĂ€n. Tulokset ovat alustavia ja ne kannustavat selvittĂ€mÀÀn tarkemmin psykologisten tekijöiden yhteyttĂ€ elpymiskokemuksiin.Physical activity in natural environments may alleviate stress and enhance mood, both of which are closely connected to longer-term human well-being. From the psychological point of view, these so called ‘restorative effects’ of contact with natural outdoor environments have been explained by two theories emphasising either attention restoration or psycho-physiological stress reduction. Most of the research on visits to different types of environments and human well-being, however, has focused on accessibility and environmental qualities conducive to restoration. Less attention has been paid to psychological aspects such as motives, attentional focus, and engagement with the environment. Furthermore, most research comparing the beneficial effects of physical activity in natural and built environments has been conducted in experimental settings. The applicability of the results of such studies, claiming greater benefit from physical activity in natural outdoor settings than indoors or in built environment, has not been established in everyday life when the activity and its setting can be freely chosen. This thesis contributes to these discussions by analysing associations between everyday visits to natural settings and mood, restoration, and subjective well-being outcomes, and their psychological mediators. Studies 1-3 are correlational and they are based on Finnish survey datasets, whereas Study 4 summarises two field experiments in a mixed/coniferous forest and an urban park. Analytical methods are different variations of structural equation modelling, comprising several explanatory variables, outcomes, and mediators (when applicable). The results from Study 1 showed that more frequent physical activity in natural settings was connected to better emotional well-being and better general health, even when controlling for a number of known confounders. More frequent physical activity in built outdoor settings was, likewise, associated with better general health but not with emotional well-being. Physical activity indoors showed no connections to these outcomes. Study 2, comparing single bouts of physical activity in natural, indoor, and built outdoor settings, found that restorativeness was rated slightly greater in natural settings, while indoor physical activity was associated with better evaluations of selfconfidence. However, recalled restoration did not explain the positive association between the weekly frequency of physical activity in natural settings and emotional well-being. Regarding visits to natural settings in particular, in Study 3, recalled motives prior to and attentional focus during the most recent visit to nature explained substantial shares of post-visit restoration and emotional well-being. The motive to reduce stress was connected to greater and the motive to be alone was connected to lower postvisit restoration and emotional well-being. In terms of attentional focus during the visit, focusing on the environment and one’s own thoughts and activities, but not on other people, correlated with greater restoration and better emotional well-being. In the two field experiments conducted for Study 4, walking 4–6 kilometres in natural settings resulted in greater restoration and more positive mood, regardless of whether participants conducted psychological tasks during the walk or not. However, there were some differences in changes in sustained attention but these were mostly between the different types of tasks during the walk. Overall, these results complement and corroborate experimental studies showing enhancement of mood and restoration following various types of nature visits. They also highlight the important role of psychological aspects such as motivation, attentional focus, and engagement with the environment, which have received less attention in applied research. Future investigations in these topics are encouraged

    The relationship between perceived health and physical activity indoors, outdoors in built environments, and outdoors in nature

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: A body of evidence shows that both physical activity and exposure to nature are connected to improved general and mental health. Experimental studies have consistently found short term positive effects of physical activity in nature compared with built environments. This study explores whether these benefits are also evident in everyday life, perceived over repeated contact with nature. The topic is important from the perspectives of city planning, individual well-being, and public health. METHODS: National survey data (n = 2,070) from Finland was analysed using structural regression analyses. Perceived general health, emotional well-being, and sleep quality were regressed on the weekly frequency of physical activity indoors, outdoors in built environments, and in nature. Socioeconomic factors and other plausible confounders were controlled for. RESULTS: Emotional well-being showed the most consistent positive connection to physical activity in nature, whereas general health was positively associated with physical activity in both built and natural outdoor settings. Better sleep quality was weakly connected to frequent physical activity in nature, but the connection was outweighed by other factors. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that nature provides an added value to the known benefits of physical activity. Repeated exercise in nature is, in particular, connected to better emotional well-being

    Kulttuurinen haastattelu ammattilaisen tukena mielenterveystyössÀ

    Get PDF

    Still not that bad for the grey city : A field study on the restorative effects of built open urban places

    Get PDF
    Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and Stress Recovery Theory (SRT) highlight the restorative properties of natural or green environments. However, the study of the psychological benefits obtained through contact with built open urban places, such as squares or streets, has received far less attention. In this paper we present a within-subjects pretest-posttest quasi-experimental field study that assessed the restoration experience of a sample of university students (N = 34) visiting two squares in a European city. Statistical analyses revealed that participants' attentional performance improved and negative affect (depression and stress) decreased after spending 20 min in the squares. There was no increase in positive affect. Nature orientedness was significantly related to some of the pretest-posttest changes, leading to lower fatigue and attentional restoration in one square. The results suggest that built open urban settings can provide some restorative benefits.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

    Psykoedukaatiosta tukea pakolaistaustaisten mielenterveydelle

    Get PDF

    Energy, Environment and Livelihoods in the Lao PDR : Results from a 2011 Household Survey

    Get PDF
    This report presents the main results of a household survey collected in 2011. The data was originally collected for FFRC project Interlinkages between energy and livelihoods - Data, training and Scenarios for sustainable energy planning in Laos (INES), funded by the Energy and Environment Partnership (EEP) with the Mekong Region, financed by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and the Nordic Development Fund. The demographic profile of the households was surveyed first. The actual questions were related to the following topics: (1) household assets, (2) livelihood activities, (3) income and liabilities, (4) food security and (5) survival strategies, (6) energy use; and (7) environment. This publication is also organized according to these research themes. While the section exploring residential energy use was fairly extensive and utilized throughout the project, the other themes received less attention. The main reason for compiling this e-book was to disseminate all the key results from the survey, especially those with little publicity so far. Similar, recent household level data from Laos is not currently available from any other sources, as far as we know. Thus, this e-Book report provides unique results on the Laotian society and economy based on the household survey findings
    corecore