Mansoa alliacea and Allamanda cathartica Extract Formula for The Control of Stem Rot Disease on Soybean Plants

Potensi keanekaragaman hayati flora di Indonesia belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal sebagai pestisida nabati yang ramah lingkungan, dan mengurangi penggunaan pestisida sintetis pada tanaman.  Daun Mansoa alliacea dan Allamanda cathartica memiliki potensi sebagai pestisida nabati karena secara in vitro mampu menghambat Athelia rolfsii, penyebab penyakit busuk batang pada tanaman kedelai. Penelitian dilakukan pada skala lapangan untuk menguji formula aplikasi ekstrak daun M.allicea dan A. cathartica yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan penyakit busuk batang, pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman kedelai. Tahapan penelitian meliputi: ekstraksi, pembuatan formula dengan mencampurkan ekstrak daun M.allicea dan A. cathartica, aplikasi formula pada tanaman kedelai, pengamatan, dan pemanenan. Formula ekstrak 1.5% daun M. alliacea dan A. cathartica direkomendasikan untuk diaplikasikan karena dapat menekan penyakit busuk batang, meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman dan hasil panen di lapangan

Isolation and molecular identification of fungi causing stem rot disease in Bali's local legumes

Efforts to improve food security in Indonesia, particularly Bali, need to be supported by improvements in cultivation techniques, including the management of pests and diseases. Meanwhile, legume crops are often attacked by stem rot diseases which potentially decrease production and leads to economic losses. This disease is generally caused by the soil-borne pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii or Athelia rolfsii. The macroscopic and microscopic morphologies of these two species are the same and difficult to distinguish, hence, molecular identification is needed to differentiate between the species. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and molecularly identify the fungi causing stem rot disease in local legume plants in Bali. The methods used include isolation of pathogenic fungi from legumes showing symptoms of stem rot disease, pathogenicity test, identification of isolates with the highest virulent levels, DNA extraction, DNA amplification by PCR and electrophoresis, ITS region sequencing and computer analysis sequences. The isolation procedure identified six fungal isolates coded SKT, SKB1, SKB2 SKB3, SKL and SKN isolates. SKT isolates had the highest virulence rate as indicated by the pathogenicity test of peanut plants. Furthermore, molecular identification results show that SKT isolate is Athelia rolfsii, a similar clade with the fungi sequences in GenBank with 100% bootstrap support

Synergistic Activity of Leaves Extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and Allamanda cathartica L. to Inhibit Athelia rolfsii, the Cause of Stem Rot Disease in Peanut Plants

Stem rot disease in peanut plants caused by Athelia rolfsii is an important disease because it can reduce peanut yield up to 13-59%. The study aimed to evaluate the synergistic activity of the leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and  Allamanda cathartica as an alternative control of stem rot disease in peanut plants. Testing of Antifungal activity was carried out  in the laboratory included: diameter of inhibition zone test with diffusion well method; colony growth test, sclerotia germination test, fungal biomass test, and ultrastructure observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the crude extracts of the leaves of M. alliacea and  A. cathartica were able synergistically to inhibit the growth of the fungus A. rolfsii with diameter of inhibition by 42 mm, while the diameter of inhibition zones for leaf extract of M. alliacea L. was only 30 mm and as for  A. cathartica L. was only 9 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mixture of leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and A. cathartica L. was 0.8% (w/v). Treatment with the extract’s mixture  significantly (P≤0,05) inhibited colony growth, germination rate of sclerotia, and fungal biomass of A. rolfsii. The result of mycelial observation of A. rolfsii by using SEM  showed that surface of fungal mycelia treated with extract looked smaller in size and shrunk, and leakage of cell wall became visible; while at the control, the surface of mycelia remained intact and thrived perfectly. Keywords: synergistic activity, leaves extract, stem rot diseas

A mixture of piper leaves extracts and rhizobacteria for sustainable plant growth promotion and bio-control of blast pathogen of organic Bali rice

Rice is a crop that is consumed as a staple food by the majority of the people in the world and therefore failure in rice crops, due to any reason, poses a severe threat of starvation. Rice blast, caused by a fungus Pyricularia oryzae, has been ranked among the most threatening plant diseases of rice and it is found wherever rice is grown. All of the rice blast disease management strategies employed so far have had limited success and rice blast has never been eliminated from rice fields. Hence, there is a need to look for the best remedy in terms of effectiveness, sustainability, and organic nature of the method. This study was aimed at determining the plant growth-promoting and fungicidal effects of a mixture of Piper caninum and Piper betle var. Nigra leaves extracts and rhizobacteria. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis of a mixture of leaves extracts of these plants revealed the presence of new bioactive compounds such as alpha.-gurjunene, gamma.-terpinene, and ethyl 5-formyl 3-(2-ethoxycarbonyl) in a mixture of leaves extracts of P. caninum and P. betle var. Nigra. The mixture of these extracts reduced the intensity of blast disease, inhibited P. oryzae, and improved the growth, yield, and quality of Bali rice. All treatments comprising of different concentrations of a mixture of leaves extracts of P. caninum and P. betle var. Nigra plus rhizobacteria exhibited biocontrol and bioefficacy. However, a 2% concentration of a mixture of these leaves extracts with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exhibited potent inhibition of growth of P. oryzae, a significant reduction in the intensity of blast disease, and a maximum increase in growth, yield, and quality of Bali rice. In the 15th week, the intensity of blast disease decreased from 80.18% to 7.90%. The mixture of leaves extract + PGPR also improved the height of the plant, the number of tillers, number of leaves, number of grains per panicle, number of heads per panicle, and the full-grain weight per clump. Applications of various concentrations of a mixture of leaves extracts + PGPR resulted in improvement in the potential yield of rice, however, the application of 2% extracts + PGPR gave the highest potential yield of 5.61 tha−1 compared to the low yields in the control and other treatments. The high grain yield observed with the treatment was caused by the low intensity of blast disease. This treatment also strengthened the stem and prevented the drooping of the plant and improved the quality of rice grain

PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BUAH JUWET (Syzygium cumini L.) TERHADAP JUMLAH DAN MORFOLOGI SPERMATOZOA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus sp.) JANTAN YANG TERPAPAR ASAP ROKOK

The research to determine the effect of fruit extracts juwet on the number and morphology of spermatozoa were superbly exposed to smoke has been conducted. This study uses rats aged 3 month, 200-210 gram, total 24 rats consisting of 4 treatment, is control, smoke of cigarette, juwet fruit extracts, and smoke of cigarette to juwet fruit extracts. Each treatment consisting 6 replications, each consisting of 1 rat. Before, acclimatization of rat treated 7 days. Way of giving juwet fruit extracts the gavage method 2 ml once daily for 48 days, while the CMC-Na 0,5% is given control. The exposure to cigarette smoke is given from an aerator pump , to given once daily for 48 days. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, if they were 5% significantly different would be followed by a DMRT. The result showed that the number of abnormal sperm morphology were significantly diferent (p<0,05). The averange number of abnormal spermatozoa K1 group was higher than K3 group. The number of spermatozoa was not significant different between treatments. The average number of spermatozoa K1 lower than K3. This is because the smoke of cigarette increased formation of ROS and the resulting stress oxidative and cause cell damage tissues and organs, especially to the reproductive system. Juwet fruits extract have been able to improve the count and morphologyof rats spermatozoa expose to smoke. This case because of antioxidant from juwet fruit can be protect cell from the free radical attack. Keywords: Rattus sp, smoke of cigarette, java plum  fruit, spermatozoa, , ROS, antioxidant

KUALITAS SATE LILIT YANG BEREDAR DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KARANGASEM, BALI DITINJAU DARI Staphylococcus aureus

This research aims to find out the quality of curled satay in terms of Staphylococcus aureusthat are spread around in the traditional markets of Karangasem, Bali. Samples of the curled satay were taken from the 4 regions in Karangasem (Selat, Rendang, Sidemen, and Seraya), every region takes 1 traditional market and every market are owned by 2 salesman. The method used in this study is the method of Platting Method (Pelczar and Chan, 2005).  The results shows that the highest of curled satays in traditional markets of Karangasem is found in S. aureusbacteria was obtained for up to 73 x 102 CFU/g found in Sinduwati market, Sidemen on salesman 1 and 57 x 102 in Seraya Tengah market, on salesman 1. Based on the tests that has been done shows that a number of curled satay sold in traditional markets of Karangasem, Bali has exceeded the threshold amount Indonesian National Standard. The maximum lilit of microbial impurities in satay ready consumption for S. aureusbased on Indonesian National Standard is 102CFU/g. Keywords :Curled satay,Platting Method, Staphylococcus aureus, traditional market</p