Parenting in place : The reception centre as the spatial context for laying the foundations for asylum-seeking children's healthy development

Brain architecture is shaped by early childhood experiences, which thus affect future physical and mental health. These experiences consist primarily of parenting, intertwined with environment. The mental health of migrants has received much attention in research; however, early childhood experiences and the spatiality of parenting have largely been ignored. This study examines asylum-seeking parents' perceptions of parenting their 2-6-year old children, focusing on the spatial context of the reception centre. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews among parents in three reception centres in Finland. The results show that parenting was challenged by all three dimensions of place: location, locale and sense of place. The findings indicate that for parents, the reception centre is an essential factor interacting with parenting, enabling or impeding caregiving. These findings are discussed from the viewpoints of transnationalism, insufficient children's spaces and activities and lost sense of place. We urge policy-makers to improve the spatial context for parenting in reception centres by ensuring adequate children's spaces and activities, including opportunities for early learning, privacy of the family, parents' social support and possibilities for establishing everyday routines. We suggest that these improvements would have far-reaching beneficial implications for the healthy development and future mental health of asylum seeking children.Peer reviewe

Risk frames and multiple ways of knowing : Coping with ambiguity in oil spill risk governance in the Norwegian Barents Sea

The opening of new areas for offshore drilling in the Arctic is highly controversial. As ice cover in the region is melting at an alarming rate, new areas have been opened for petroleum industry in the Norwegian Barents Sea. Our qualitative analysis examines risks related to the petroleum operations in the newly opened areas and provides insight into the complex and socially constructed nature of the risks. With the use of visual influence diagram- based mental modelling approach, we demonstrate the multiple ways in which the risks are understood and defined. We also analyse the type of knowledge that the risk frames are based on. The influence diagrams present the risk frames in a clear, visual, form. The study indicates that the existing governance framework fails to treat the ambiguity around oil spill risks: the current risk assessments and risk management do not reflect on the multiple ways in which the participants in this study 1) frame the problem situation, 2) how they identify different measures to manage risks, and 3) what are considered as key knowledge needs and knowledge producers by the participants. We suggest that social learning and collaborative knowledge production are needed to move towards developing shared understanding of the problem situation. Finally, we suggest that the rigorous examination and the unveiling of ambiguity may help developing deliberative risk governance measures and moving towards sustainability transformations.Peer reviewe

Cortical Sequence of Word Perception in Beginning Readers

Efficient analysis of written words in normal reading is likely to reflect use of neural circuits formed by experience during childhood rather than an innate process. We investigated the cortical sequence of word perception in first-graders (7–8 years old), with special emphasis on occipitotemporal cortex in which, in adults, letter-string-sensitive responses are detected at 150 ms after stimulus. To identify neural activation that is sensitive to either the amount of basic visual features or specifically to letter strings, we recorded whole-head magnetoencephalography responses to words embedded in three different levels of noise and to symbol strings. As was shown previously in adults, activation reflecting stimulus nonspecific visual feature analysis was localized to occipital cortex in children. It was followed by letter-string-sensitive activation in the left occipitotemporal cortex and, subsequently, in the temporal cortex. These processing stages were correlated in timing and activation strength. Compared with adults, however, the timing of activation was clearly delayed in children, and the delay was progressively increased from occipital to occipitotemporal and further to temporal areas. This finding is likely to reflect increasing immaturity of the underlying neural generators when advancing from low-level visual analysis to higher-order areas involved in written word perception. When a salient occipitotemporal letter-string-sensitive activation was detected (10 of 18 children), its strength was correlated with phonological skills, in line with the known relevance of phonological awareness in reading acquisition.Peer reviewe

Implementing Bayesian networks for ISO 31000:2018-based maritime oil spill risk management: State-of-art, implementation benefits and challenges, and future research directions

The risk of a large-scale oil spill remains significant in marine environments as international maritime transport continues to grow. The environmental as well as the socio-economic impacts of a large-scale oil spill could be substantial. Oil spill models and modeling tools for Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR) can support effective risk management. However, there is a lack of integrated approaches that consider oil spill risks comprehensively, learn from all information sources, and treat the system uncertainties in an explicit manner. Recently, the use of the international ISO 31000:2018 risk management framework has been suggested as a suitable basis for supporting oil spill PPR risk management. Bayesian networks (BNs) are graphical models that express uncertainty in a probabilistic form and can thus support decision-making processes when risks are complex and data are scarce. While BNs have increasingly been used for oil spill risk assessment (OSRA) for PPR, no link between the BNs literature and the ISO 31000:2018 framework has previously been made. This study explores how Bayesian risk models can be aligned with the ISO 31000:2018 framework by offering a flexible approach to integrate various sources of probabilistic knowledge. In order to gain insight in the current utilization of BNs for oil spill risk assessment and management (OSRA-BNs) for maritime oil spill preparedness and response, a literature review was performed. The review focused on articles presenting BN models that analyze the occurrence of oil spills, consequence mitigation in terms of offshore and shoreline oil spill response, and impacts of spills on the variables of interest. Based on the results, the study discusses the benefits of applying BNs to the ISO 31000:2018 framework as well as the challenges and further research needs.Peer reviewe

Attentional modulation of interhemispheric (a)symmetry in children with developmental language disorder

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).The nature of auditory processing problems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) is still poorly understood. Much research has been devoted to determining the extent to which DLD is associated with general auditory versus language-specific dysfunction. However, less emphasis has been given to the role of different task conditions in these dysfunctions. We explored whether children with DLD demonstrate atypical interhemispheric asymmetry during the auditory processing of speech and non-speech sounds and whether this interhemispheric balance is modulated by attention. Magnetoencephalography was used to record auditory evoked fields in 18 children (9 to 10 years old), 9 with DLD and 9 with language typical development, during active or passive listening to speech and non-speech sounds. A linear mixed model analysis revealed a bilateral effect of attention in both groups. Participants with DLD demonstrated atypical interhemispheric asymmetry, specifically in the later (185–600 ms) time window but only during the passive listening condition. During the active task, the DLD group did not differ from the typically developed children in terms of hemispheric balance of activation. Our results support the idea of an altered interhemispheric balance in passive auditory response properties in DLD. We further suggest that an active task condition, or top–down attention, can help to regain leftward lateralization, particularly in a later stage of activation. Our study highlights the highly dynamic and interhemispheric nature of auditory processing, which may contribute to the variability in reports of auditory language processing deficits in DLD.Peer reviewe

How can stakeholders promote environmental and social responsibility in the shipping industry?

The highly globalized and competitive nature of the shipping industry poses serious governance challenges. Recently, the use of voluntary measures, such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, has been explored in terms of moving towards environmentally and socially responsible as well as safe shipping industry practices. Limited attention has been paid on the role of stakeholders such as consumers, employees, NGOs, and academia in pressuring the shipping industry towards greater environmental and social responsibility. Here, by applying stakeholder theory and drawing on examples of already materialized stakeholder actions and multistakeholder initiatives, we study the potential ways that stakeholders can promote CSR in the shipping industry: we explore the resource dependencies between stakeholders, the stakeholder influence strategies, and the importance of multi-stakeholder pressure. We show that stakeholders can gain more power by using indirect strategies such as working via and/or in alliances with NGOs, trade unions, banks and financers, and/or different national or international regulatory bodies, as well as with the industry itself. Our results reveal the potential of multi-stakeholder pressure and action to promote the adoption of CSR activities, support the transparency, legitimacy, and enforcement of the practices, as well as widen the scope and focus of CSR initiatives and practices by focusing on a broad range of social and environmental issues. Finally, stakeholder pressure can push towards improved regulations. The study suggests that increased attention needs to be paid on the multi-stakeholder demands, especially considering the accentuated importance of effective maritime governance in the future.Peer reviewe

Parenting in place: The reception centre as the spatial context for laying the foundations for asylum-seeking children's healthy development

Brain architecture is shaped by early childhood experiences, which thus affect future physical and mental health. These experiences consist primarily of parenting, intertwined with environment. The mental health of migrants has received much attention in research; however, early childhood experiences and the spatiality of parenting have largely been ignored. This study examines asylum-seeking parents' perceptions of parenting their 2-6-year-old children, focusing on the spatial context of the reception centre. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews among parents in three reception centres in Finland. The results show that parenting was challenged by all three dimensions of place: location, locale and sense of place. The findings indicate that for parents, the reception centre is an essential factor interacting with parenting, enabling or impeding caregiving. These findings are discussed from the viewpoints of transnationalism, insufficient children's spaces and activities and lost sense of place. We urge policy-makers to improve the spatial context for parenting in reception centres by ensuring adequate children's spaces and activities, including opportunities for early learning, privacy of the family, parents' social support and possibilities for establishing everyday routines. We suggest that these improvements would have far-reaching beneficial implications for the healthy development and future mental health of asylum-seeking children.</p

Julkishallinnon digitalisaatio – tuottavuus ja hyötyjen mittaaminen

Suomessa on jo tehty ja käynnistetty monia toimia digitalisaation edistämiseksi julkishallinnossa. Kuitenkin digitalisaatiolla tavoiteltavien hyötyjen määrittely ja mittaaminen on sekä Suomessa että muissa maissa varsin vähäistä. Julkishallinnon digitalisaatio - tuottavuus ja hyötyjen mittaaminen -selvitys esittää suosituksia julkishallinnon toimenpiteistä sekä mittareita hyötyjen mittaamiseen. Suositukset painottuvat asenteiden muuttamiseen digitalisaatiolle ja sen tuomille muutoksille myönteisiksi, yhteistyöhön ja läpinäkyvyyteen, sekä digitalisaatiota tukeviin toimintatapoihin. Mittarit kohdistuvat sekä julkishallinnon että asiakkaiden saamiin hyötyihin. Lisäksi datan hyödyntämisen mittaaminen on tarpeen, koska suurimpia digitalisaation mahdollisuuksia on monipuolinen datan hyödyntäminen sekä julkishallinnon toimijoiden kesken että julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin välillä. Selvityksen pohjalta merkittäväksi haasteeksi julkishallinnon digitalisaatiossa voidaan todeta asiakaskeskeisyyden puute: digitaalisia palveluja kehitetään yksittäisen viraston näkökulmasta sen sijaan, että huomioitaisiin asiakkaan tarve, yli hallinnon alojen ja virastojen. Digitalisaation edistymistä esitetäänkin seurattavaksi palvelupolkujen määrittelemisen asteen näkökulmasta. Selvityksessä myös arvioidaan digitalisaation mahdollisuuksia kansantalouden näkökulmasta laskennallisen tasapainomallin avulla. Arviointi on tehty neljän politiikkaskenaarion kautta

Annual report and form 20-F

Digitalization has been identified as one of the major trends changing society and business. Digitalization causes changes for companies due to the adoption of digital technologies in the organization or in the operation environment. This paper discusses digitalization from the viewpoint of diverse case studies carried out to collect data from several companies, and a literature study to complement the data. This paper describes the first version of the digital transformation model, derived from synthesis of these industrial cases, explaining a starting point for a systematic approach to tackle digital transformation. The model is aimed to help companies systematically handle the changes associated with digitalization. The model consists of four main steps, starting with positioning the company in digitalization and defining goals for the company, and then analyzing the company’s current state with respect to digitalization goals. Next, a roadmap for reaching the goals is defined and implemented in the company. These steps are iterative and can be repeated several times. Although company situations vary, these steps will help to systematically approach digitalization and to take the steps necessary to benefit from it

Osaaminen ja työllisyys digimurroksessa

Tämä dokumentti esittää kirjallisuustutkimukseen perustuvia näkökulmia digitalisaation tuomista muutoksista tarvittaviin osaamisiin, työllisyyteen ja työtehtäviin tulevaisuudessa. Toistuvasti kirjallisuuslähteessä mainittuja digitalisaation tuomia muutoksia ovat epätasa-arvoisuuden ja palkkaerojen kasvu, työn pirstaloituminen sekä se, että ihmisillä voi tulevaisuudessa olla monta samanaikaista työsuhdetta. Myös useilla työpaikoilla, joiden olemassaololle digitalisaatio ei ole selkeä uhka, tapahtuu työtehtävissä suuria muutoksia, minkä vuoksi tarvitaan uudenlaisia taitoja ja sopeutumista. Nähtävillä olevat digitalisaatioon liittyvät trendit, kuten jakamistalous ja tietotyön automatisointi (esim. data-analyysien kautta tehtävä automaattinen päätöstenteko) muuttavat myös työn sisältöjä ja tehtäviä, ja siten työmarkkinoita ja tarvittavaa osaamista ja koulutusta. Vähemmän koulutetuilla, rutiinitöitä tekevillä henkilöillä ja suurten kaupunkien ulkopuolella asuvilla arvioidaan olevan heikommat mahdollisuudet työllistyä digitalisaation edetessä, joten koulutusta tulisi suunnata hoivatyötä, luovuutta ja vuorovaikutusta edellyttäviin töihin, ja toisaalta työvoiman liikkuvuutta tulisi helpottaa. Kirjallisuudessa esitetään, että kehittyneet taloudet saavuttavat digitalisaation kautta pääasiassa tuottavuuden nousua ja taloudellista kasvua, mutta vaikutukset työllisyyteen voivat olla negatiivisia. Kirjallisuudessa on tosin tuotu usein esiin, että koneiden kyky korvata ihmistyövoimaa yliarvioidaan helposti ja että tulevaisuuskuvissa ei huomioida riittävästi automaation ja työvoiman vuorovaikutuksen merkitystä tuottavuuden kasvussa, ja toisaalta aliarvioidaan intuition ja inhimillisen arvion osuutta työtehtävissä, jolloin niiden digitalisointi onkin oletettua vaikeampaa. Automaation kannalta on oleellista tarkastella myös sitä, missä tehtävissä ihmisellä on suhteellinen etu koneeseen nähden. Kirjallisuudessa todetaan toistuvasti, että on haastavaa ennustaa, millä aloilla työpaikkojen määrä merkittävästi kasvaa ja että tässä on suuria eroja maiden välillä. Kunkin maan tulisikin analysoida nykytilanteensa ja laatia suunnitelmat omiin vahvuuksiinsa nojautuen. Suomen edellytykset pärjätä digitaalisessa murroksessa ovat siis lähtökohtaisesti hyvät, kun jo nyt kilpaillaan jatkuvasti kehittyvällä osaamisella eikä halvalla tuntihinnalla