Polityczno-historyczne determinanty europejskiej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii

This article presents the historical determinants of the contemporary foreign policy of the Republic of Finland. Despite its low economic and military potential, the state managed to maintain in dependence and relative independence both during World War II and the Cold War. Finland’s contemporary geopolitical situation and the way it conducts its international policy stems from a long tradition of balancing its relations with major players on the international stage. The aggression of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine made it necessary to change this policy and enter the structures of the North Atlantic Treaty.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historyczne determinanty współczesnej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii. Mimo niewielkiego potencjału gospodarczego i militarnego państwo to zdołało zachować niepodległość i względną niezależność zarówno w czasie II wojny światowej, jak i w okresie zimnej wojny. Współczesna sytuacja geopolityczna Finlandii i jej sposób prowadzenia polityki międzynarodowej wynikają z długiej tradycji zachowywania równowagi w stosunkach z największymi graczami na arenie międzynarodowej. Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę spowodowała konieczność zmiany tej polityki i wejścia w struktury Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego

Polityczno-historyczne determinanty europejskiej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii

This article presents the historical determinants of the contemporary foreign policy of the Republic of Finland. Despite its low economic and military potential, the state managed to maintain in dependence and relative independence both during World War II and the Cold War. Finland’s contemporary geopolitical situation and the way it conducts its international policy stems from a long tradition of balancing its relations with major players on the international stage. The aggression of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine made it necessary to change this policy and enter the structures of the North Atlantic Treaty.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historyczne determinanty współczesnej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii. Mimo niewielkiego potencjału gospodarczego i militarnego państwo to zdołało zachować niepodległość i względną niezależność zarówno w czasie II wojny światowej, jak i w okresie zimnej wojny. Współczesna sytuacja geopolityczna Finlandii i jej sposób prowadzenia polityki międzynarodowej wynikają z długiej tradycji zachowywania równowagi w stosunkach z największymi graczami na arenie międzynarodowej. Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę spowodowała konieczność zmiany tej polityki i wejścia w struktury Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego

Smart snacks in universities: Possibilities for university vending

Background:The study goal was to evaluate the nutritional impact of a healthy snack intervention on a southern university campus. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted during the fall 2017 semester weekly for 14 weeks in a large southern U.S. university. For the intervention, half of vending snacks in four campus residential halls (housing from 216 to 361 students) were substituted with snacks complying with federal Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards for K-12 schools. For analysis, data from the Nutrition Facts labels of 14 vending machines or from manufacturer\u27s websites was collected by trained graduate and undergraduate researchers. Results: On average, for each Smart Snack sold, there was a statistically significant reduction of 99.38 calories (CI=42.32, 156.43), 4 g saturated fat (CI = 2.23, 5.75), and 10.06 g of sugar (CI=2.92, 17.20). An average reduction of 41.88 mg in sodium and an increase of 0.81g in fiber was also found, but was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference (t(16)= 3.02, P\u3c0.025, 95% CI = 10.77, 55.79) between the Quality Score of Smart Snacks (M=59.13, SD= ± 36.50) and that of non-compliant snacks (M=25.85, SD= ± 24.72). Conclusion: The nutritional impact with even a 50% Smart Snack replacement is promising. Many available comparable snacks mimic the mouthfeel, taste, and appearance of their original full-fat, full-sodium, and full-sugar counterparts. Including healthier snack choices in vending machines may be a viable option for universities to transform the campus eating environment

Tax optimization of individuals in the context of savings and investing money by bank deposits and T-bonds in Poland

Savings and investing money are key issues for personal finances, strongly corresponding to the economies of developed countries, where citizens have the opportunity not only to settle their liabilities on an ongoing basis from their income, but also to accumulate funds for future plans. They may be aimed at both savings and investment purposes, the degree of risk of which varies depending on the selection of the financial instrument. The paper focuses on the assessment of the profitability of deposits and treasury bonds, in relation to the preferences of Polish customers of commercial banks, under proposed changes in the limitation of capital gains tax

Political and historical determinants of the European foreign policy of the Republic of Finland

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historyczne determinanty współczesnej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii. Mimo niewielkiego potencjału gospodarczego i militarnego państwo to zdołało zachować niepodległość i względną niezależność zarówno w czasie II wojny światowej, jak i w okresie zimnej wojny. Współczesna sytuacja geopolityczna Finlandii i jej sposób prowadzenia polityki międzynarodowej wynikają z długiej tradycji zachowywania równowagi w stosunkach z największymi graczami na arenie międzynarodowej. Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę spowodowała konieczność zmiany tej polityki i wejścia w struktury Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego.This article presents the historical determinants of the contemporary foreign policy of the Republic of Finland. Despite its low economic and military potential, the state managed to maintain in dependence and relative independence both during World War II and the Cold War. Finland’s contemporary geopolitical situation and the way it conducts its international policy stems from a long tradition of balancing its relations with major players on the international stage. The aggression of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine made it necessary to change this policy and enter the structures of the North Atlantic Treaty

Ukrainian aspirations to independence during and after the Great War

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę ukraińskich dążeń autonomicznych, które w czasie Wielkiej Wojny miały charakter działań niepodległościowych. Nie osiągnięto jednak sukcesu, ponieważ prowadzono je na zbyt wielu kierunkach. W latach 1917–1921 nie było możliwości budowy państwa ukraińskiego na miarę wygórowanych ambicji polityków. Dążenia te napotykały ścierające się dwa nurty polityczne: autonomiczno niepodległościowy (narodowcy) i prorosyjski (starorusini). Postanowienia traktatu wersalskiego i przegrane wojny doprowadziły do tego, iż Ukraińcy stali się negocjantami traktatu i nowego porządku politycznego.The article deals with the issues of Ukrainian aspirations to autonomy, which during the Great War took the form of actions to regain independence. However, they were not successful because they were carried out in too many directions. In the years 1917–1921, it was not possible to build a Ukrainian state that would match the exorbitant ambitions of politicians. These aspirations encountered two conflicting political trends: autonomy-independence (nationalists) and pro-Russian (Old-Russian) ones. The provisions of the Versailles Treaty and the lost wars meant that Ukrainians became negotiators of the treaty and the new political order

Шансы и перспективы вступления Турции в Европейский союз

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relations of the Turkish and the European Union, first of all the values and threats that it may bring into force the Old Continent. The article presents the history of European integration of Turkey and the challenges faced by this country before accession. The arguments for and against the country’s membership in the European Union from the point of view of both the Member States and Turkey are featured.Задача данной статьи – анализ взаимоотношений Турции и Европейского союза, прежде всего ценностей и рисков, которые она может внести в жизнь старого континента. Статья показывает историю европейской интеграции Турции, а также задачи, которые стоят перед этой страной перед вступлением в ЕС. Указаны также аргументы за и против членства этого государства в Европейском союзе с точки зрения как стран-членов ЕС, так и Турции

Creating value through synergy in mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions are one of the most relevant external ways to increase capital and operational potential of a company. They allow for the development of both individual entities and entire sectors and are made with the goal of improving the company's financial performance. There are many different drivers for potential investors to undertake mergers and acquisitions. One of them is synergy. Synergy is understood as a result of two or more processes interacting together to have an effect that is greater than the effect that those processes make individually. Two or more businesses can merge to form one company that is capable of improving revenue or reducing expenses than either could have been able achieve independently. It refers to the additional value created by a transaction. More and more companies decide to evaluate synergies in their M&A financial forecasts, because they can allocate the available resources, increase revenues and reduce costs, or diversify their activities in more effective way. It is a specific factor that motivates businesses. However, it is important to make calculation to examine its economic sense and reduce potential risk of failure in business. This article focuses on the assessment of synergy and its implications in mergers and acquisitions

Banderyzm. Przyczyny zbrodni ludobójstwa SB-OUN i UPA w czasie II wojny światowej

BANDERISM. THE ORIGIN OF THE SB-OUN’S AND UPA’S CRIME OF GENOCIDE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARThe article presents the development of the Ukrainian integral nationalism directed at creating an authoritarian, National-Socialist government on the territories considered by the OUN activists ethnically Ukrainian lands. It was supposed to be an empire ruling over the Eastern Europe, encompassing the area of 1,200,000 square kilometers. The state was supposed to be ethnically uniform, without national minorities. Friendly minorities were supposed to be resettled, whereas the hostile ones — like Poles, Russians or Jews — were to be exterminated. This government was supposed to come into existence through the Nationalist revolution. In September 1939 and during the summer of 1941 these plans were not realized. In February 1943 OUN made a decision to start the revolution, the first phase of which was supposed to lead to the mass murder of the Polish population of the Volynian Voivodeship and Eastern Małopolska. OUN and its armed criminal squads, SB and UPA, murdered around 134,000–200,000 Poles inhabiting those lands. These murders caused flight and resettlement of the further several hundred thousand of Poles. The culture of the Eastern Marches of Poland was destroyed; four voivodeships were devastated. Ukraine did not gain independence. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union was the sole beneficiary of these events.BANDERISM. THE ORIGIN OF THE SB-OUN’S AND UPA’S CRIME OF GENOCIDE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARThe article presents the development of the Ukrainian integral nationalism directed at creating an authoritarian, National-Socialist government on the territories considered by the OUN activists ethnically Ukrainian lands. It was supposed to be an empire ruling over the Eastern Europe, encompassing the area of 1,200,000 square kilometers. The state was supposed to be ethnically uniform, without national minorities. Friendly minorities were supposed to be resettled, whereas the hostile ones — like Poles, Russians or Jews — were to be exterminated. This government was supposed to come into existence through the Nationalist revolution. In September 1939 and during the summer of 1941 these plans were not realized. In February 1943 OUN made a decision to start the revolution, the first phase of which was supposed to lead to the mass murder of the Polish population of the Volynian Voivodeship and Eastern Małopolska. OUN and its armed criminal squads, SB and UPA, murdered around 134,000–200,000 Poles inhabiting those lands. These murders caused flight and resettlement of the further several hundred thousand of Poles. The culture of the Eastern Marches of Poland was destroyed; four voivodeships were devastated. Ukraine did not gain independence. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union was the sole beneficiary of these events

Support provided to patients with cancer in the assessment of the nursing personnel.

Wstęp: W sprawowaniu opieki nad pacjentem z chorobą nowotworową ważne miejsce zajmuje wsparcie społeczne, do udzielania którego zespół pielęgniarski powinien być profesjonalnie przygotowany.Cel pracy: Celem pracy było poznanie zasobu wiedzy zespołu pielęgniarskiego dotyczącego wsparcia społecznego, a także zakresu udzielanego przez nich wsparcia pacjentom z chorobą nowotworową w ich własnej ocenie.Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w 2013 roku, objęto nim 42 pielęgniarki pracujące z pacjentami chorymi nowotworowo w Szpitalu Specjalistycznym im. J. Dietla w Krakowie. Wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem techniki ankiety. Narzędziami badawczymi były: Skala BSSS - część dotycząca aktualnie udzielanego wsparcia i wsparcia buforująco-ochronnego oraz kwestionariusz ankiety własnej konstrukcji.Wyniki: Zespół pielęgniarski zauważa potrzebę dokształcania się z zakresu opieki onkologicznej. Ma także świadomość, że jest dla pacjenta z chorobą nowotworową ważnym przekaźnikiem wsparcia społecznego. Wnioski: Znaczna część badanych pielęgniarek ocenia swoje ogólne przygotowanie teoretyczne do udzielania wsparcia społecznego negatywnie. W ocenie zespołu pielęgniarskiego w największym zakresie pacjentom z chorobą nowotworową zostało okazane wsparcie emocjonalne.Introduction: In the care of a patient with cancer, an important role plays social support, that the nursing personnel should be prepared professionally.The aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of the nursing personnel of social support, and the scope of assistance provided for patients with cancer in their own assessment.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2013. It involved 42 nurses working with patients with cancer in the Specialist Hospital. J. Dietla in Krakow. The diagnostic survey method was used, as well as the questionnaires. The following research tools were used: Scale BSSS - a part that concerns provided support and buffering-protective support and the questionnaire on its own design.Results: Nursing personnel note the need for further education in the field of cancer care. Nursing personnel are aware of the fact that they are very important for the patient in social support.Conclusion: A large part of the surveyed nurses assess negatively their general theoretical background to provide social support. In the evaluation of nursing personnel, the emotional support was given to the largest scope of patients with cancer