Combat zone exposure and respiratory tract disease

The impact of deployment to combat zones on the respiratory and sinonasal health of U.S. soldiers is an emerging public health concern. Retrospective studies have shown a correlation between deployment and development of post-deployment pathology, particularly of the aerodigestive system. Respiratory disease, including sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, are commonly reported in soldiers deployed to the Middle East and Southwest Asia.Current literature pertaining to combat zone exposure and development of respiratory disease was retrieved using PubMed,\ua0Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.Several types of combat zone exposures exist that may play an influential role in the development of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. Exposures including foreign dusts, harsh environments, particulate size, and close living quarters may play a causative role. The effect of combat zone exposures has been better examined for lower respiratory tract diseases; however, with the theory of the unified airway, the upper respiratory tract may also be involved. There is evidence that the upper respiratory tract is susceptible, with an increased risk for development of sinusitis and sinonasal disease; however, the quality of evidence of the present literature is generally low.More research is necessary to determine a pathophysiologic mechanism between combat zone exposure and the development of sinonasal disease. Practicing otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of combat zone exposures that could contribute to rhinologic symptomatology

Comparison of methodologies for microscopic malaria diagnosis

Introduction: As part of the pre-elimination plan for malaria in Colombia, it has been proposed to develop activities within the line of work: “Improve access and quality of malaria diagnosis”. Objective: To compare the methodology recommended by PAHO/WHO with that used in Colombia for the diagnosis of malaria. Materials and methods: Samples were collected and 88 slides were prepared for malaria diagnosis, under different scenarios according to the parameters to be evaluated. After duplicate mycroscopic reading, the respective variance calculations were performed for all possible staining comparisons with the two methods used (thick smear, combined thick smear), according to the staining (modified Romanowsky or Giemsa), with the result variable being the parasite density (500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 parasites/μl of blood). Results: A Cohen kappa index of inter-rater agreement of 0.923 (95% CI: 0.768-1.078) was obtained. None of the factors (A: stain, B: methodology) or interactions (AB) had a statistically significant effect on the results with a 95% confidence level. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, the preparation of two thick smears in the same slide stained with the modified Romanowsky stain is a suitable methodology for the diagnosis of malaria in Colombia, due to its technical characteristics, of storage, low cost, use and care

Nucleic acid targeting: towards personalized therapy for head and neck cancer.

In light of a detailed characterization of genetic aberrations in cancer, nucleic acid targeting represents an attractive therapeutic approach with significant translational potential. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide with stagnant 5-year survival rates. Advances in conventional treatment have done little to improve survival and combined chemoradiation is associated with significant adverse effects. Recent reports have characterized the genetic alterations in HNSCC and demonstrated that mutations confer resistance to conventional and molecular targeted therapies. The ability to use specific nucleic acid sequences to inhibit cancer-associated genes including non-druggable targets facilitates personalized medicine approaches with less adverse effects. Additionally, advances in drug delivery mechanisms have increased the transfection efficiency aiding in greater therapeutic responses. Given these advances, the stage has been set to translate the information garnered from genomic studies into personalized treatment strategies. Genes involved in the tumor protein 53 and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways have been extensively investigated and many promising preclinical studies have shown tumor inhibition through genetic modulation. We, and others, have demonstrated that targeting oncogene expression with gene therapy approaches is feasible in patients. Other methods such as RNA interference have proven to be effective and are potential candidates for clinical studies. This review summarizes the major advances in sequence-specific gene modulation in the preclinical setting and in clinical trials in head and neck cancer patients