Occupational and Industry Mobility in the United States, 1969-1992

Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we investigate occupational and industrial mobility of individuals over the 1969-1980 and 1981-1992 periods in the U.S. We find that workers changed both occupation and industry more frequently in the later period. Workers, on average, shifted occupation 1.8 times in the earlier period and 2.1 times in the later, and shifted industry 0.8 and 1.2 times, respectively. We also find that occupational and industry changes are associated with lower earnings, though this effect has lessened over time (from a 13 percent earnings reduction per occupational change for men in 1972-74 to a 9 percent loss in 1990-92). Our results also indicate that older workers are less likely to shift occupation or industry, as are better paid men but not better paid women.OCCUPATION; INDUSTRY; MOBILITY; EARNINGS.

On the causal properties of warped product spacetimes

It is shown that the warped product spacetime P=M *_f H, where H is a complete Riemannian manifold, and the original spacetime M share necessarily the same causality properties, the only exceptions being the properties of causal continuity and causal simplicity which present some subtleties. For instance, it is shown that if diamH=+\infty, the direct product spacetime P=M*H is causally simple if and only if (M,g) is causally simple, the Lorentzian distance on M is continuous and any two causally related events at finite distance are connected by a maximizing geodesic. Similar conditions are found for the causal continuity property. Some new results concerning the behavior of the Lorentzian distance on distinguishing, causally continuous, and causally simple spacetimes are obtained. Finally, a formula which gives the Lorentzian distance on the direct product in terms of the distances on the two factors (M,g) and (H,h) is obtained.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures, uses the package psfra

An anisotropic gravity theory

We study an action integral for Finsler gravity obtained by pulling back an Einstein-Cartan-like Lagrangian from the tangent bundle to the base manifold. The vacuum equations are obtained imposing stationarity with respect to any section (observer) and are well posed as they are independent of the section. They imply that in vacuum the metric is actually independent of the velocity variable so the dynamics becomes coincident with that of general relativity.Comment: Latex, 15 pages. v2: we fixed some typos and added two more appendices with proofs of formulas used in the work. To appear in the topical volume `Singularity theorems, causality, and all that (SCRI21)' https://link.springer.com/collections/hjjgajaag

Acute effects of exercise on mood and HRV

El objetivo del estudio es analizar los efectos agudos del ejercicio físico sobre el estado de ánimo y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (HRV), en personas activas y sedentarias. Para ello participaron 30 estudiantes clasificados en Activos y No activos. En una sola sesión realizaban una prueba de esfuerzo submáximo (UKK), cumplimentando el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) y realizando un test en reposo de la HRV antes y después del ejercicio. Los resultados indican una mejora en el estado de ánimo, aumentando en los factores de Vigor y Fatiga y disminuyendo en Tensión y Depresión después del ejercicio. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del nivel de ejercicio físico de los participantes en el nivel de Depresión, al observarse una mayor disminución después del ejercicio en los Activos. La HRV también mostró diferencias entre Activos y No activos en los parámetros de dominio frecuencial, LFnu2 y HFnu2The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of exercise on mood and on heart rate variability (HRV), in active and sedentary people. This involved 30 undergraduates classified into Active and Non active participants. In a single session participants performed a submaximal exercise test (UKK), answered the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and performed before and after the exercise a test of HRV at rest. The participants improved their mood state, by increasing Vigor and Fatigue factors and decreased Tension and Depression after the exercise test. Moreover, Active participants presented a significant higher decrease in Depression after exercise than Non active. HRV analysis also showed differences between Active and Non active participants in the frequency domain parameters LFnu2 and HFnu

A Note on Non-compact Cauchy surface

It is shown that if a space-time has non-compact Cauchy surface, then its topological, differentiable, and causal structure are completely determined by a class of compact subsets of its Cauchy surface. Since causal structure determines its topological, differentiable, and conformal structure of space-time, this gives a natural way to encode the corresponding structures into its Cauchy surface

Sustainability perspectives: a new methodological approach for quantitative assessment

This paper proposes a new tool to assess sustainability and make the concept of sustainable development operational. It considers its multi-dimensional structure combining the information deriving from a selection of relevant sustainability indicators belonging to economic, social and environmental pillars. The main novelties of this approach are the modelling framework, a recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium used to calculate the trend of all indicators over time throughout the world, and the aggregation methodology to reconcile them in one aggregate index to measure overall sustainability. The former allows capturing the sector and regional interactions and higher-order effects driven by background assumptions on relevant variables to depict future scenarios. The latter makes it possible to compare sustainability performances, under alternative scenarios, across countries and over time. Main results show that the current sustainability at world level differs from what the traditional measure of well-being, the GDP, depicts, highlighting the trade-offs among different components of sustainability. Moreover, in the next decade a slight decrease in world sustainability may occur, in spite of an expected increase in world domestic product. Finally, dedicated policies increase overall sustainability, showing that social and environmental benefits may be greater than the correlated economic costs

Aspectos psicológicos del baile: Una aproximación desde el enfoque de la pasión

El presente estudio pretende caracterizar a los practicantes de baile en relación al modelo dualístico de la pasión descrito por Vallerand. La pasión se define como una fuerte inclinación de la persona hacia una actividad considerada importante y autodefinitoria. Vallerand et al. (2003) proponen un modelo dualístico constituido por dos tipos de pasión: la pasión armoniosa y la obsesiva. La pasión armoniosa es el resultado de una internalización autónoma de la actividad, es decir, está integrada por razones intrínsecas del individuo, y pasa a formar parte de su identidad. La pasión obsesiva es consecuencia de una internalización controlada por motivos contingentes a la práctica de la actividad en cuestión, como por ejemplo la aceptación social, que produce una fuerte y poco adaptativa adhesión a la misma. Las hipótesis que se plantean en este estudio consideran que tanto los practicantes que se dedican profesionalmente al baile, como los que participan en competiciones presentarán mayores niveles de pasión obsesiva, y que los practicantes con más años de experiencia obtendrán puntuaciones más elevadas tanto en pasión obsesiva como en pasión armoniosa. En contra de lo esperado, los bailarines profesionales y competidores no presentan una mayor pasión obsesiva, sino que es la pasión armoniosa la que se incrementa con las horas de práctica. Concluimos que los participantes no viven la práctica del baile como una actividad sometida a modas y aceptación social, sino que más bien se trata de una práctica que contribuye al bienestar de los individuos y compatible con otras actividades de la vida cotidiana.El present estudi pretén caracteritzar els practicants de ball amb relació al model dualístic de la passió descrit per Vallerand. La passió es defineix com una forta inclinació de la persona vers una activitat considerada important i autodefinitòria. Vallerand et al. (2003) proposen un model dualístic constituït per dos tipus de passió: la passió harmoniosa i l'obsessiva. La passió harmoniosa és el resultat d'una internalització autònoma de l'activitat, és a dir, és integrada per raons intrínseques de l'individu, i passa a formar part de la seva identitat. La passió obsessiva és conseqüència d'una internalització controlada per motius contingents a la pràctica de l'activitat en qüestió, com per exemple l'acceptació social, que produeix una forta i poc adaptativa adhesió a la mateixa. Les hipòtesis que es plantegen en aquest estudi consideren que tant els practicants que es dediquen professionalment al ball com els que participen en competicions presentaran majors nivells de passió obsessiva i que els practicants amb més anys d'experiència obtindran puntuacions més elevades tant en passió obsessiva com en passió harmoniosa. En contra del que s'esperava, els ballarins professionals i competidors no presenten una passió obsessiva més elevada, sinó que és la passió harmoniosa la que s'incrementa amb les hores de pràctica. Concloem que els participants no viuen la pràctica del ball com una activitat sotmesa a modes i acceptació social, sinó que més aviat es tracta d'una pràctica que contribueix al benestar dels individus i que és compatible amb altres activitats de la vida quotidiana.This study aims to characterize dancers in relation to the dualistic model of passion described by Vallerand. Passion is defined as a person's strong inclination to an activity considered to be important and self-defining. Vallerand et al. (2003) proposed a dualistic model with two types of passion: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Harmonious passion is the result of autonomously internalizing the activity, that is, it is made up of the individual's intrinsic reasons and becomes part of the individual's identity. Obsessive passion is the result of internalization guided by reasons contingent to that activity, such as social acceptance, which causes a strong and scarcely adaptive adhesion to the activity. We hypothesized that both professional dancers and competitive dancers would have higher scores in obsessive passion, and dancers with more years of experience would have higher scores in both obsessive passion and harmonious passion. Contrary to what we expected, professional dancers and competitive dancers do not show greater obsessive passion, but it is harmonious passion that increases with practice. We conclude that participants do not experience dance as an activity subject to fashion and social acceptance, but it is an activity that contributes to the individual's wellbeing and is compatible with other daily life activities

The causal boundary of wave-type spacetimes

A complete and systematic approach to compute the causal boundary of wave-type spacetimes is carried out. The case of a 1-dimensional boundary is specially analyzed and its critical appearance in pp-wave type spacetimes is emphasized. In particular, the corresponding results obtained in the framework of the AdS/CFT correspondence for holography on the boundary, are reinterpreted and very widely generalized. Technically, a recent new definition of causal boundary is used and stressed. Moreover, a set of mathematical tools is introduced (analytical functional approach, Sturm-Liouville theory, Fermat-type arrival time, Busemann-type functions).Comment: 41 pages, 1 table. Included 4 new figures, and some small modifications. To appear in JHE

Further properties of causal relationship: causal structure stability, new criteria for isocausality and counterexamples

Recently ({\em Class. Quant. Grav.} {\bf 20} 625-664) the concept of {\em causal mapping} between spacetimes --essentially equivalent in this context to the {\em chronological map} one in abstract chronological spaces--, and the related notion of {\em causal structure}, have been introduced as new tools to study causality in Lorentzian geometry. In the present paper, these tools are further developed in several directions such as: (i) causal mappings --and, thus, abstract chronological ones-- do not preserve two levels of the standard hierarchy of causality conditions (however, they preserve the remaining levels as shown in the above reference), (ii) even though global hyperbolicity is a stable property (in the set of all time-oriented Lorentzian metrics on a fixed manifold), the causal structure of a globally hyperbolic spacetime can be unstable against perturbations; in fact, we show that the causal structures of Minkowski and Einstein static spacetimes remain stable, whereas that of de Sitter becomes unstable, (iii) general criteria allow us to discriminate different causal structures in some general spacetimes (e.g. globally hyperbolic, stationary standard); in particular, there are infinitely many different globally hyperbolic causal structures (and thus, different conformal ones) on $\R^2$, (iv) plane waves with the same number of positive eigenvalues in the frequency matrix share the same causal structure and, thus, they have equal causal extensions and causal boundaries.Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures, final version (the paper title has been changed). To appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit