Characteristic odour in the blood reveals ovarian carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ovarian carcinoma represents about 4% of all cancers diagnosed in women worldwide. Mortality rate is high, over 50%, mainly due to late diagnosis. Currently there are no acceptable screening techniques available, although ovarian cancer belongs to the group of malignancies for which mortality could be dramatically reduced by early diagnosis.</p> <p>In a recently published study, we clearly demonstrated that human ovarian carcinoma tissues can be characterized by a specific odour, detectable by a trained dog. Another recent study confirmed these results using an electronic nose.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the present work, we examined whether the cancer-specific odour can also be found in the blood. Two specially trained dogs were used. Both ovarian cancer tissues and blood from patients with ovarian carcinoma were tested.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The tissue tests showed sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95%, while the blood tests showed sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The present study strongly suggests that the characteristic odour emitted by ovarian cancer samples is also present in blood (plasma) taken from patients with the disease. This finding opens possibilities for future screening of healthy populations for early diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. A future challenge is to develop a sensitive electronic nose for screening of ovarian carcinoma by testing the blood/plasma to detect the disease at a stage early enough for treatment to be effective.</p

Multimodality Treatment with Conventional Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization and Radiofrequency Ablation for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background/Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of multimodality treatment consisting of conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with non-resectable and non-ablatable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: In this retrospective study, 85 consecutive patients with HCC (59 solitary, 29 multifocal HCC) received TACE followed by RFA between 2001 and 2010. The mean number of tumors per patient was 1.6 +/- 0.7 with a mean size of 3.0 +/- 0.9 cm. Both local efficacy and patient survival were evaluated. Results: Of 120 treated HCCs, 99 (82.5%) showed a complete response (CR), while in 21 HCCs (17.5%) a partial response was depicted. Patients with solitary HCC revealed CR in 91% (51/56); in patients with multifocal HCC (n = 29) CR was achieved in 75% (48 of 64 HCCs). The median survival for all patients was 25.5 months. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 84.6, 58.7, 37.6 and 14.6%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in survival between Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) A (73.4 months) and B (50.3 months) patients, while analyses failed to show a difference for Child-Pugh score, Cancer of Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score and tumor distribution pattern. Conclusion: TACE combined with RFA provides an effective treatment approach with high local tumor control rates and promising survival data, especially for BCLC A patients. Randomized trials are needed to compare this multimodality approach with a single modality approach for early-stage HCC. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Acute effects of nicotine on visual search tasks in young adult smokers

Rationale Nicotine is known to improve performance on tests involving sustained attention and recent research suggests that nicotine may also improve performance on tests involving the strategic allocation of attention and working memory. Objectives We used measures of accuracy and response latency combined with eye-tracking techniques to examine the effects of nicotine on visual search tasks. Methods In experiment 1 smokers and non-smokers performed pop-out and serial search tasks. In experiment 2, we used a within-subject design and a more demanding search task for multiple targets. In both studies, 2-h abstinent smokers were asked to smoke one of their own cigarettes between baseline and tests. Results In experiment 1, pop-out search times were faster after nicotine, without a loss in accuracy. Similar effects were observed for serial searches, but these were significant only at a trend level. In experiment 2, nicotine facilitated a strategic change in eye movements resulting in a higher proportion of fixations on target letters. If the cigarette was smoked on the first trial (when the task was novel), nicotine additionally reduced the total number of fixations and refixations on all letters in the display. Conclusions Nicotine improves visual search performance by speeding up search time and enabling a better focus of attention on task relevant items. This appears to reflect more efficient inhibition of eye movements towards task irrelevant stimuli, and better active maintenance of task goals. When the task is novel, and therefore more difficult, nicotine lessens the need to refixate previously seen letters, suggesting an improvement in working memory

Biosynthesis of Salmonella enterica [NiFe]-hydrogenase-5 : probing the roles of system-specific accessory proteins

A subset of bacterial [NiFe]-hydrogenases have been shown to be capable of activating dihydrogen-catalysis under aerobic conditions; however, it remains relatively unclear how the assembly and activation of these enzymes is carried out in the presence of air. Acquiring this knowledge is important if a generic method for achieving production of O2-resistant [NiFe]-hydrogenases within heterologous hosts is to be developed. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium synthesizes the [NiFe]-hydrogenase-5 (Hyd-5) enzyme under aerobic conditions. As well as structural genes, the Hyd-5 operon also contains several accessory genes that are predicted to be involved in different stages of biosynthesis of the enzyme. In this work, deletions in the hydF, hydG, and hydH genes have been constructed. The hydF gene encodes a protein related to Ralstonia eutropha HoxO, which is known to interact with the small subunit of a [NiFe]-hydrogenase. HydG is predicted to be a fusion of the R. eutropha HoxQ and HoxR proteins, both of which have been implicated in the biosynthesis of an O2-tolerant hydrogenase, and HydH is a homologue of R. eutropha HoxV, which is a scaffold for [NiFe] cofactor assembly. It is shown here that HydG and HydH play essential roles in Hyd-5 biosynthesis. Hyd-5 can be isolated and characterized from a ΔhydF strain, indicating that HydF may not play the same vital role as the orthologous HoxO. This study, therefore, emphasises differences that can be observed when comparing the function of hydrogenase maturases in different biological systems

Anthropometric factors and breast cancer risk among urban and rural women in South India: a multicentric case–control study

Breast cancer (BC) incidence in India is approximately twice as high in urban women than in rural women, among whom we investigated the role of anthropometric factors and body size. The study was conducted at the Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, and in three cancer hospitals in Chennai during 2002–2005. Histologically confirmed cases (n=1866) and age-matched controls (n=1873) were selected. Anthropometric factors were measured in standard ways. Information on body size at different periods of life was obtained using pictograms. Odds ratios (OR) of BC were estimated through logistic regression modelling. Proportion of women with body mass index (BMI)>25.0 kg/m2, waist size >85 cm and hip size >100 cm was significantly higher among urban than rural women. Risk was increased for waist size >85 cm (pre-menopausal: OR=1.24, 95% CI: 0.96–1.62; post-menopausal: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.22–2.12) and hip size >100 cm (pre-menopausal: OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.05–2.06; post-menopausal 2.42, 95% CI: 1.72–3.41). Large body size at age 10 (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.01–3.03) and increased BMI (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.05–1.69 for 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 and OR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.03–2.35 for 30+ kg/m2) were associated with pre-menopausal BC risk. Our data support the hypotheses that increased anthropometric factors are risk factors of BC in India

Physical activity and breast cancer survival

Physical activity improves quality of life after a breast cancer diagnosis, and a beneficial effect on survival would be particularly welcome. Four observational studies have now reported decreased total mortality among physically active women with breast cancer; the two largest have also reported decreased breast cancer specific mortality. The estrogen pathway and the insulin pathway are two potential mechanisms by which physical activity could affect breast cancer survival. Randomized trials are ongoing but trials of lifestyle factors are notoriously challenging to perform. Women with breast cancer have little to lose and may possibly gain from moderate exercise

Identification of a better Homo sapiens Class II HDAC inhibitor through binding energy calculations and descriptor analysis

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common on sexually transmitted viruses in the world. HPVs are responsible for a large spectrum of deseases, both benign and malignant. The certain types of HPV are involved in the development of cervical cancer. In attemps to find additional drugs in the treatment of cervical cancer, inhibitors of the histone deacetylases (HDAC) have received much attention due to their low cytotoxic profiles and the E6/E7 oncogene function of human papilomavirus can be completely by passed by HDAC inhibition. The histone deacetylase inhibitors can induce growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis of cancer cells. HDAC class I and class II are considered the main targets for cancer. Therefore, the six HDACs class II was modeled and about two inhibitors (SAHA and TSA) were docked using AutoDock4.2, to each of the inhibitor in order to identify the pharmacological properties. Based on the results of docking, SAHA and TSA were able to bind with zinc ion in HDACs models as a drug target. SAHA was satisfied almost all the properties i.e., binding affinity, the Drug-Likeness value and Drug Score with 70% oral bioavailability and the carbonyl group of these compound fits well into the active site of the target where the zinc is present. Hence, SAHA could be developed as potential inhibitors of class II HDACs and valuable cervical cancer drug candidate

The Evolving Transcriptome of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies were performed to illuminate mechanisms of tumorigenesis and metastases from gene expression profiles of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). The objective of this review is to conduct a network-based meta-analysis to identify the underlying biological signatures of the HNSCC transcriptome. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We included 63 HNSCC transcriptomic studies into three specific categories of comparisons: Pre, premalignant lesions v.s. normal; TvN, primary tumors v.s. normal; and Meta, metastatic or invasive v.s. primary tumors. Reported genes extracted from the literature were systematically analyzed. Participation of differential gene activities across three progressive stages deciphered the evolving nature of HNSCC. In total, 1442 genes were verified, i.e. reported at least twice, with ECM1, EMP1, CXCL10 and POSTN shown to be highly reported across all three stages. Knowledge-based networks of the HNSCC transcriptome were constructed, demonstrating integrin signaling and antigen presentation pathways as highly enriched. Notably, functional estimates derived from topological characteristics of integrin signaling networks identified such important genes as ITGA3 and ITGA5, which were supported by findings of invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, we computed genome-wide probabilities of reporting differential gene activities for the Pre, TvN, and Meta stages, respectively. Results highlighted chromosomal regions of 6p21, 19p13 and 19q13, where genomic alterations were shown to be correlated with the nodal status of HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS: By means of a systems-biology approach via network-based meta-analyses, we provided a deeper insight into the evolving nature of the HNSCC transcriptome. Enriched canonical signaling pathways, hot-spots of transcriptional profiles across the genome, as well as topologically significant genes derived from network analyses were highlighted for each of the three progressive stages, Pre, TvN, and Meta, respectively