Highly stacked 3D organic integrated circuits with via-hole-less multilevel metal interconnects

Multilevel metal interconnects are crucial for the development of large-scale organic integrated circuits. In particular, three-dimensional integrated circuits require a large number of vertical interconnects between layers. Here, we present a novel multilevel metal interconnect scheme that involves solvent-free patterning of insulator layers to form an interconnecting area that ensures a reliable electrical connection between two metals in different layers. Using a highly reliable interconnect method, the highest stacked organic transistors to date, a three-dimensional organic integrated circuits consisting of 5 transistors and 20 metal layers, is successfully fabricated in a solvent-free manner. All transistors exhibit outstanding device characteristics, including a high on/off current ratio of similar to 10(7), no hysteresis behavior, and excellent device-to-device uniformity. We also demonstrate two vertically-stacked complementary inverter circuits that use transistors on 4 different floors. All circuits show superb inverter characteristics with a 100% output voltage swing and gain up to 35 V per V.11Ysciescopu

Expression of Heterologous OsDHAR Gene Improves Glutathione (GSH)-Dependent Antioxidant System and Maintenance of Cellular Redox Status in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.

An excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause severe oxidative damage to cellular components in photosynthetic cells. Antioxidant systems, such as the glutathione (GSH) pools, regulate redox status in cells to guard against such damage. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) catalyzes the glutathione-dependent reduction of oxidized ascorbate (dehydroascorbate) and contains a redox active site and glutathione binding-site. The DHAR gene is important in biological and abiotic stress responses involving reduction of the oxidative damage caused by ROS. In this study, transgenic Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (TA) was constructed by cloning the Oryza sativa L. japonica DHAR (OsDHAR) gene controlled by an isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible promoter (Ptrc) into the cyanobacterium to study the functional activities of OsDHAR under oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide exposure. OsDHAR expression increased the growth of S. elongatus PCC 7942 under oxidative stress by reducing the levels of hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA) and mitigating the loss of chlorophyll. DHAR and glutathione S-transferase activity were higher than in the wild-type S. elongatus PCC 7942 (WT). Additionally, overexpression of OsDHAR in S. elongatus PCC 7942 greatly increased the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide. These results strongly suggest that DHAR attenuates deleterious oxidative effects via the glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant system in cyanobacterial cells. The expression of heterologous OsDHAR in S. elongatus PCC 7942 protected cells from oxidative damage through a GSH-dependent antioxidant system via GSH-dependent reactions at the redox active site and GSH binding site residues during oxidative stress

Penerapan Bermain Messy Play dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Motorik Halus Anak Tk Kelompok A

Salah satu aspek kemampuan yang penting untuk dikembangkan pada anak usia dini adalahkemampuan motorik halus anak. Kemampuan motorik halus membantu anak untukmemperoleh kemandiriannya, membantu mendapatkan penerimaan sosial, dan dapatmenimbulkan rasa percaya diri pada anak. Kemampuan motorik halus dapat ditingkatkan melaluibermain messy play. Messy Play merupakan jenis permainan yang merangsang sensor motorikhalus dan kasar.Permainan ini dilakukan anak baik di alam terbuka maupun di dalam ruangandan membuat tubuh anak menjadi kotor, sehingga dikatakan dengan bermain messy play.Selaintubuh anak aktif, anak juga akan belajar mengkoordinasikan panca inderanya melalui sentuhan,bau, rasa, pendengaran, dan penglihatan. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu (1)mendeskripsikanpenerapan bermain messy play dalam meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak KelompokA, (2) Mendeskripsikan hasil penerapan bermain messy play dalam meningkatkan kemampuanmotorik halus anak Kelompok A. Sedangkan luaran yang ditargetkan dalam penelitian ini adalahtersedianya perangkat pembelajaran dengan penerapan bermain Messy Play untukmeningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus pada anak TK kelompok A. Metode yang digunakandalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilakukan melalui 4tahapan dalam setiap siklusnya. Adapun tahapan tersebut adalah: (1) perencanaan, (2)pelaksanaan, (3) observasi, dan (4) refleksi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di TK Aisyiyah BustanulAthfal Kalibader dengan 2 siklus. Siklus I dilakukan empat kali pertemuan, jika dalam siklus Ibelum berhasil, maka dilakukan siklus II dengan tiga kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan datamenggunakan observasi, lembar asesmen, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penerapanbermain messy play dapat meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak kelompok A di TKAisyiyah Kalibader. Hal ini dibuktikan adanya peningkatan pada nilai ketuntasan di siklus I dansiklus II. Pada siklus I ketuntasan nilai keseluruhan kelompok A adalah 65%, dan pada siklus IIketuntasan nilai keseluruhan kelompok A adalah 88,1%. Hal ini membuktikan adanya peningkatankemampuan motorik halus anak kelompok A setelah dilakukan penerapan bermain messy play

The mid-infrared view of red sequence galaxies in Abell 2218 with <i>AKARI</i>

We present the AKARI Infrared Camera (IRC) imaging observation of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in A2218 at z ~ 0.175. Mid-infrared (MIR) emission from ETGs traces circumstellar dust emission from asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars or/and residual star formation. Including the unique imaging capability at 11 and 15 μm, our AKARI data provide an effective way to investigate MIR properties of ETGs in the cluster environment. Among our flux-limited sample of 22 red sequence ETGs with precise dynamical and line strength measurements (less than 18 mag at 3 μm), we find that at least 41% have MIR-excess emission. The N3 – S11 versus N3 (3 and 11 μm) color-magnitude relation shows the expected blue sequence, but the MIR-excess galaxies add a red wing to the relation especially at the fainter end. A spectral energy distribution analysis reveals that the dust emission from AGB stars is the most likely cause of the MIR excess, with a low level of star formation being the next possible explanation. The MIR-excess galaxies show a wide spread of N3 – S11 colors, implying a significant spread (2-11 Gyr) in the estimated mean ages of stellar populations. We study the environmental dependence of MIR-excess ETGs over an area out to a half virial radius (~1 Mpc). We find that the MIR-excess ETGs are preferentially located in the outer region. From this evidence, we suggest that the fainter, MIR-excess ETGs have just joined the red sequence, possibly due to the infall and subsequent morphological/spectral transformation induced by the cluster environment