Morphological Aspects And Cox-2 Expression After Exposure To 780-nm Laser Therapy In Injured Skeletal Muscle: An In Vivo Study

Background: The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in muscle regeneration is still not well known. Objective: To investigate the effects of laser irradiation during muscle healing. Method: For this purpose, 63 rats were distributed to 3 groups: non-irradiated control group (CG); group irradiated at 10 J/cm² (G10); and group irradiated at 50 J/cm² (G50). Each group was divided into 3 different subgroups (n=7), and on days 7, 14 and 21 post-injury the rats were sacrificed. Results: Seven days post-surgery, the CG showed destroyed zones and extensive myofibrillar degeneration. For both treated groups, the necrosis area was smaller compared to the CG. On day 14 post-injury, treated groups demonstrated better tissue organization, with newly formed muscle fibers compared to the CG. On the 21st day, the irradiated groups showed similar patterns of tissue repair, with improved muscle structure at the site of the injury, resembling uninjured muscle tissue organization. Regarding collagen deposition, the G10 showed an increase in collagen synthesis. In the last period evaluated, both treated groups showed statistically higher values in comparison with the CG. Furthermore, laser irradiation at 10 J/cm2 produced a down-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) immunoexpression on day 7 post-injury. Moreover, Cox-2 immunoexpression was decreased in both treated groups on day 14. Conclusions: Laser therapy at both fluencies stimulated muscle repair through the formation of new muscle fiber, increase in collagen synthesis, and down-regulation of Cox-2 expression.185395401Minamoto, V.B., Bunho, S.R., Salvini, T.F., Regenerated rat skeletal muscle after periodic contusions (2001) Braz J Med Biol Res, 34 (11), pp. 1447-1452. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2001001100012, PMid:11668355Baptista, J., Martins, M.D., Pavesi, V.C., Bussadori, S.K., Fernandes, K.P., Pinto, D.S., Jr., Influence of laser photobiomodulation on collagen IV during skeletal muscle tissue remodeling after injury in rats (2011) Photomed Laser Surg, 29 (1), pp. 11-17. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2737, PMid:20701543Renno, A.C., Toma, R.L., Feitosa, S.M., Fernandes, K., Bossini, P.S., De Oliveira, P., Comparative effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and low-level laser therapy on injured skeletal muscle (2011) Photomed Laser Surg, 29 (1), pp. 5-10. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2715, PMid:21166589Pinheiro, A.L., Soares, L.G., Aciole, G.T., Correia, N.A., Barbosa, A.F., Ramalho, L.M., Light microscopic description of the effects of laser phototherapy on bone defects grafted with mineral trioxide aggregate, bone morphogenetic proteins, and guided bone regeneration in a rodent model (2011) J Biomed Mater Res A, 98 (2), pp. 212-221. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.33107, PMid:21548072Amaral, A.C., Parizotto, N.A., Salvini, T.F., Dose-dependency of low-energy HeNe laser effect in regeneration of skeletal muscle in mice (2001) Lasers Med Sci, 16 (1), pp. 44-51. , PMid:11486338Cressoni, M.D., Dib Giusti, H.H., Casarotto, R.A., Anaruma, C.A., The effects of a 785-nm AlGaInP laser on the regeneration of rat anterior tibialis muscle after surgicallyinduced injury (2008) Photomed Laser Surg, 26 (5), pp. 461-466. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2007.2150, PMid:18800950Pires, D., Xavier, M., Araújo, T., Silva, J.A., Jr., Aimbire, F., Albertini, R., Low-level laser therapy (LLLT780 nm) acts differently on mRNA expression of antiand pro-inflammatory mediators in an experimental model of collagenaseinducel tendinitis in rat (2011) Lasers Med Sci, 26, pp. 85-94. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-010-0811-zAlves, A.N., Fernandes, K.P.S., Melo, C.A.V., Yamaguchi, R.Y., França, C.M., Teixeira, D.F., Modulating effect of Low-level laser therapy on fibrosis in the repair process of the tibialis anterior muscle in rats (2014) Lasers Med Sci, 29 (2), pp. 813-821. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1428-9, PMid:23982721Almeida, P., Lopes-Martins, R.A.B., De Marchi, T., Tomazoni, S.S., Albertini, R., Correa, J.C.F., Red (660nm) and infrared (830nm) low-level laser therapy in skeletal muscle fatigue in humans: What is better? (2012) Lasers Med Sci, 27, pp. 453-458. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-0957-3Brunelli, R.M., Rodrigues, N.C., Ribeiro, D.A., Fernandes, K., Magri, A., Assis, L., The effects of 780-nm low-level laser therapy on muscle healing process after cryolesion (2014) Lasers Med Sci, 29 (1), pp. 91-96. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1277-6, PMid:23407900Rodrigues, N.C., Brunelli, R., De Araújo, H.S., Parizotto, N.A., Renno, A.C., Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (660nm) alters gene expression during muscle healing in rats (2013) J Photochem Photobiol B, 120, pp. 29-35. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.002, PMid:23416710Shefer, G., Partridge, T.A., Heslop, L., Gross, J.G., Oron, U., Halevy, O., Low-energy laser irradiation promotes the survival and cell cycle entry of skeletal muscle satellite cells (2002) J Cell Sci, 115, pp. 1461-1469. , PMid:11896194Bossini, P.S., Renno, A.C., Ribeiro, D.A., Fangel, R., Peitl, O., Zanotto, E.D., Biosilicate(R) and low-level laser therapy improve bone repair in osteoporotic rats (2011) J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 5 (3), pp. 229-237. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.309, PMid:20925130Silveira, P.C., Silva, L.A., Fraga, D.B., Freitas, T.P., Streck, E.L., Pinho, R., Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in muscle healing by low-level laser therapy (2009) J Photochem Photobiol B, 95 (2), pp. 89-92. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.01.004, PMid:19232497Tim, C.R., Pinto, K.N., Rossi, B.R., Fernandes, K., Matsumoto, M.A., Parizotto, N.A., Low-level laser therapy enhances the expression of osteogenic factors during bone repair in rats (2014) Lasers Med Sci, 29 (1), pp. 147-156. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1302-9, PMid:23515631Rizzi, C.F., Mauriz, J.L., Freitas Correa, D.S., Moreira, A.J., Zettler, C.G., Filippin, L.I., Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in traumatized muscle (2006) Lasers Surg Med, 38 (7), pp. 704-713. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20371, PMid:16799998Carmeli, E., Moas, M., Reznick, A.Z., Coleman, R., Matrix metalloproteinases and skeletal muscle: A brief review (2004) Muscle Nerve, 29 (2), pp. 191-197. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10529, PMid:14755482Matsumoto, M.A., Ferino, R.V., Monteleone, G.F., Ribeiro, D.A., Low-level laser therapy modulates cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression during bone repair in rats (2009) Lasers Med Sci, 24 (2), pp. 195-201. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-008-0544-4, PMid:18309458Albertini, R., Aimbire, F., Villaverde, A.B., Silva, J.A., Jr., Costa, M.S., COX-2 mRNA expression decreases in the subplantar muscle of rat paw subjected to carrageenan-induced inflammation after low level laser therapy (2007) Inflamm Res, 56 (6), pp. 228-229. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00011-007-6211-6, PMid:17607546Byrnes, K.R., Wu, X., Waynant, R.W., Ilev, I.K., Anders, J.J., Low power laser irradiation alters gene expression of olfactory ensheathing cells in vitro (2005) Lasers Surg Med, 37 (2), pp. 161-171. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20202, PMid:16037971Moore, P., Ridgway, T.D., Higbee, R.G., Howard, E.W., Lucroy, M.D., Effect of wavelength on low-intensity laser irradiation-stimulated cell proliferation in vitro (2005) Lasers Surg Med, 36 (1), pp. 8-12. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20117, PMid:15662631Demidova-Rice, T.N., Salomatina, E.V., Yaroslavsky, A.N., Herman, I.M., Hamblin, M.R., Low-level light stimulates excisional wound healing in mice (2007) Lasers Surg Med, 39 (9), pp. 706-715. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20549, PMid:17960752 PMCid:PMC293579

Evaluation of acute effect of light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy on muscle deoxygenation and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in patients with diabetes mellitus : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is responsible for a significant reduction in the quality of life due to its negative impact on functional capacity. Cardiopulmonary fitness impairment in DM patients has been associated with limited tissue oxygenation. Phototherapy is widely utilized to treat several disorders due to expected light-tissue interaction. This type of therapy may help to improve muscular oxygenation, thereby increasing aerobic fitness and functional capacity. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of S\ue3o Carlos and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Four separate tests will be performed to evaluate the acute effect of phototherapy. All participants will receive both interventions in random order: light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) and placebo, with a minimum 14-day interval between sessions (washout period). Immediately after the intervention, participants will perform moderate constant workload cycling exercise corresponding to 80 % of the pulmonary oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] during the gas exchange threshold (GET). LEDT will be administered with a multidiode cluster probe (50 GaAIA LEDs, 850 \u3b7m, 75 mW each diode, and 3 J per point) before each exercise session. Pulmonary oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart rate, and arterial pressure will be measured using a computerized metabolic cart, a near-infrared spectrometer, an electrocardiogram, and a photoplethysmography system, respectively. DISCUSSION: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the acute effects of muscular pre-conditioning using LED phototherapy on pulmonary oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart rate, and arterial pressure dynamics during dynamic moderate exercise. We hypothesize that phototherapy may be beneficial to optimize aerobic fitness in the DM population. Data will be published after the study is completed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under trial number NCT01889784 (date of registration 5 June 2013)

Characterization Of Langmuir-blodgett Films Of Parent Polyaniline

Conducting Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films have been fabricated from parent polyaniline (PAni) which was doped with functionalized acids. In order to optimize experimental conditions for the formation of stable Langmuir monolayers and their subsequent transfer onto solid substrates, PAni was dissolved in ten different combinations of chloroform solutions. Use was made of camphor sulfonic acid, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, and toluenesulfonic acid, and of the solvents N-methyl pyrrolidine and m-cresol as processing agents. Because acidic subphases have been employed, as-deposited LB films were already doped, which was confirmed by the appearance of a polaronic band in the UV-Vis absorption spectra. The absorbance peak increases with the number of deposited layers indicating that a suitable multilayer buildup is accomplished. When analysed by atomic force microscopy, PAni LB films show a fibrillar structure with the fibril width ranging from ≈ 60 to 160 nm.284-285177180Cao, Y., Smith, P., Heeger, A.J., (1993) Synth. Met., 55-57, p. 3514Riul A., Jr., Mattoso, L.H.C., Mello, S.V., Telles, G.D., Oliveira O.N., Jr., (1995) Synth. Met., 71, p. 2067Mattoso, L.H.C., MacDiarmid, A.G., Epstein, A.J., (1994) Synth. Met., 68, p. 1Mattoso, L.H.C., Mello, S.V., Riul A., Jr., Oliveira O.N., Jr., Faria, R.M., (1994) Thin Solid Films, 244, p. 714Cheung, J.H., Rubner, M.F., (1994) Thin Solid Films, 244, p. 990Agbor, M.E., Petty, M.C., Monkman, A.P., Harris, M., (1993) Synth. Met., 55-57, p. 3789Punkka, E., Laakso, K., Stubb, H., Levon, K., Zheng, W.-Y., (1994) Thin Solid Films, 515-520, p. 243MacDiarmid, A.C., Epstein, A.J., (1994) Synth. Met., 65, p. 103Morgan, H., Taylor, D.M., Oliveira O.N., Jr., (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1062, p. 149Cheung, J.H., (1993), Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, EUAMacDiarmid, A.G., Epstein, A.J., (1993) Brazilian Conf. on Polymers, p. 544. , São Paulo, Brazil, October Brazilian Polymer Association, São Carlos, BrazilMantovani, J.G., Warmack, R.J., Annis, B.K., MacDiarmid, A.G., Scherr, E., (1990) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 40, p. 169

Port de combinaison et dépense énergétique lors d'un enchaînement natation-cyclisme

Effet de trois épreuves sous-maximales (750 m de natation avec combinaison, sans combinaison, ou échauffement sur ergocycle) sur 10 minutes de cyclisme à une intensité correspondant au seuil ventilatoire + 5%. L'épreuve de natation avec combinaison se traduit par des valeurs inférieures de fréquence de rotation, fréquence cardiaque et lactatémie et entraîne un rendement mécanique supérieur lors de l'épreuve suivante de cyclisme

The Effects Of 780-nm Low-level Laser Therapy On Muscle Healing Process After Cryolesion

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 780-nm low-level laser therapy at different periods of 7, 14 and 21 days after cryolesion, including the dose (10 or 50 J/cm2), to promote a better muscle repair evidenced by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Fifty-four male rats were divided into three groups: injured control group (CG) - injured animals without any treatment; injured 780-nm laser-treated group, at 10 J/cm2 (G10); and injured 780-nm laser-treated group, at 50 J/cm2 (G50). Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 6): 7, 14 and 21 days post-injury. Histopathological findings revealed better organised muscle fibres in the G10 and G50 during the periods of 7 and 14 days compared to the CG. The G10 and G50 during the 7 days showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of lesion area compared to the CG, without differences between groups treated for 14 and 21 days. The G10 showed an increase of the amount of vessels after 14 days compared to the G50, but not in relation to controls. With regard to the immunohistochemical analyses of the MyoD factor, the G10 and G50 during the 7 days showed higher concentrations of immunomarkers than controls. Myogenin immunomarkers were similarly observed at days 7 and 14 in all the three groups analysed, whereas immunomarkers were found in none of the groups after 21 days of laser therapy. The results showed that laser, regardless the applied dose, has positive effects on muscle repair. © 2013 Springer-Verlag London.2919196Dawood, M.S., Al-Salihi, A.R., Qasim, A.W., Laser therapy of muscle injuries (2012) Lasers Med Sci, , doi: 10.1007/s10103-012-1131-2Huard, J., Li, Y., Fu, F., Muscle injury and repair: Current trends in research (2002) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 84, pp. 822-832. , 12004029Cressoni, M.D., Dib Giusti, H.H., Casarotto, R.A., Anaruma, C.A., The effects of a 785-nm AlGaInP laser on the regeneration of rat anterior tibialis muscle after surgically-induced injury (2008) Photomed Laser Surg, 26, pp. 461-466. , 10.1089/pho.2007.2150Amaral, C.A., Parizotto, N.A., Salvini, T.F., Dose-dependency of low-energy HeNe laser effect in regeneration of skeletal muscle in mice (2001) Lasers Med Sci, 16, pp. 44-51. , 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvktFWnuw%3D%3D 11486338 10.1007/PL00011336Baptista, J., Martins, M.D., Pavesi, V.C., Bussadori, S.K., Fernandes, K.P., Júnior, D.D., Ferrari, R.A., Influence of laser photobiomodulation on collagen IV during skeletal muscle tissue remodeling after injury in rats (2011) Photomed Laser Surg, 29, pp. 11-17. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktVGitw%3D%3D 20701543 10.1089/pho.2009.2737Iyomasa, D.M., Garavelo, I., Iyomasa, M.M., Watanabe, I., Issa, J.P.M., Ultrastructural analysis of the low level laser therapy effects on the lesioned anterior tibial muscle in gerbil (2009) Micron, 40, pp. 413-418. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktF2rs78%3D 19269186 10.1016/j.micron.2009.02.002Rizzi, E.C., Issa, J.P.M., Dias, F.J., Leão, J.C., Regalo, S.C.H., Siéssere, S., Watanabe, I., Iyomasa, M.M., Low-level laser intensity application in masseter muscle for treatment purposes (2010) Photomed Laser Surg, 28, pp. 31-35. , 10.1089/pho.2009.2599Weiss, N., Oron, U., Enhancement of muscle regeneration in the rat gastrocnemius by low energy laser irradiation (1992) Anat Embryol, 186, pp. 497-503. , 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2Fnt12kug%3D%3D 1443657 10.1007/BF00185463Miyabara, E.H., Martin, J.L., Griffin, T.M., Moriscot, A.S., Mestril, R., Overexpression of inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein in mouse attenuates skeletal muscle damage induced by cryolesioning (2006) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 290, pp. 1128-1138. , 10.1152/ajpcell.00399.2005Mesquita-Ferrari, R.A., Martins, M.D., Silva, Jr.J.A., Silva, T.D., Piovesan, R.F., Pavesi, V.C.S., Bussadori, S.K., Fernandes, K.P.S., Effects of low-level laser therapy on expression of TNF-α and TGF-β in skeletal muscle during the repair process (2011) Lasers Med Sci, 26, pp. 335-340. , 21053039 10.1007/s10103-010-0850-5Renno, A.C., Toma, R.L., Feitosa, S.M., Fernandes, K., Bossini, P.S., De Oliveira, P., Parizotto, N., Ribeiro, D.A., Comparative effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and low-level laser therapy on injured skeletal muscle (2011) Photomed Laser Surg, 29, pp. 5-10. , 21166589 10.1089/pho.2009.2715Li, J., Chen, J., Kirsner, R., Pathophysiology of acute wound healing (2007) Clin Dermatol, 25, pp. 9-18. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXptlGrtbs%3D 17276196 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.09. 007Silva, L.H., Silva, M.T., Gutierrez, R.M., Conte, T.C., Toledo, C.A., Aoki, M.S., Liebano, R.E., Miyabara, E.H., GaAs 904-nm laser irradiation improves myofiber mass recovery during regeneration of skeletal muscle previously damaged by crotoxin (2011) Lasers Med Sci, 27 (5), pp. 993-1000. , 10.1007/s10103-011-1031 22143119 10.1007/s10103-011-1031-xSantos, D.R., Liebano, R.E., Baldan, C.S., Masson, I.B., Soares, R.P., Esteves Junior, I., The low-level laser therapy on muscle injury recovery: Literature review (2010) J Health Sci Inst, 28, pp. 286-288Nakano, J., Kataoka, H., Sakamoto, J., Origuchi, T., Okita, M., Yoshimura, T., Low-level laser irradiation promotes the recovery of atrophied gastrocnemius skeletal muscle in rats (2009) Exp Physiol, 94, pp. 1005-1015. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlWhsb3M 19525315 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047738Zhang, B.T., Yeung, S.S., Liu, Y., Wang, H.H., Wan, Y.M., Ling, S.K., Zhang, H.Y., Yeung, E.W., The effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on satellite cell activity in rat skeletal muscle during hindlimb suspension (2010) BMC Cell Biology, 11, p. 87. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpvFagsbs%3D 21087483 10.1186/1471-2121-11-87 2996346McKay, B.R., O'Reilly, C.E., Phillips, S.M., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Parise, G., Coexpression of IGF-1 family members with myogenic regulatory factors following acute damaging muscle lengthening contractions in humans (2008) J Physiol, 586, pp. 5549-5560. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVKiur7J 18818249 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160176Souza, R.W.A., Gonçalves, W., Cavalcante, W.L.G., Pai-Silva, M.D., Gallacci, M., Nandrolone stimulates MyoD expression during muscle regeneration in the condition of myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom poisoning (2010) Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues, 73 (13-14), pp. 934-943. , 10.1080/15287391003751729Mastroyiannopoulos, N.P., Nicolaou, P., Anayasa, M., Uney, J.B., Phylactou, L.A., Down-regulation of myogenin can reverse terminal muscle cell differentiation (2012) PLoS One, 7, p. 29896. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XptFOisg%3D%3D 22235349 10.1371/journal.pone.0029896 3250496Füchtbauer, E.M., Westphal, H., MyoD and myogenin are coexpressed in regenerating skeletal muscle of the mouse (1992) Dev Dyn, 193, pp. 34-39. , 1311614 10.1002/aja.100193010

Acute effect of photobiomodulation using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on baroreflex sensitivity during and after constant loading exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

To evaluate the photobiomodulation (PBM) effect on the cardiovascular autonomic control, analyzed by baroreflex sensitivity (sequence method), during constant load exercise and recovery in diabetic men, we evaluated 11 men with type 2 diabetes (DM2) (40-64 years). The constant workload exercise protocol (TECC) was performed on two different days, 14 days apart from each other, to guarantee PBM washout period. After PBM by light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation (150 J or 300 J or placebo), 10 min of rest (REST) was performed. After this period, the volunteer was positioned on a cycloergometer to start the test (1-min rest, 3-min free-load heating, 6-min constant workload-EXERCISE, 6-min free-load cool-down, 1-min rest) followed by a sitting period of 10 min (RECOVERY). The constant workload corresponded to 80%VO2GET (gas exchange threshold) identified by a previous cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). PBM was applied in continuous mode, contact technique, bilaterally, on both femoral quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle groups. The electrocardiogram R-R intervals (BioAmp FE132) and the peripheral pulse pressure signals (Finometer PRO) were collected continuously throughout the protocol. Stable sequences of 256 points were chosen at REST, EXERCISE, and RECOVERY. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was computed in time domain according to the sequence method (\u3b1seq). The comparison between therapies (150 J/300 J/placebo) and condition (REST, EXERCISE, and RECOVERY) was performed using the ANOVA two-way repeated measures test. There was no interaction between therapy and conditions during the TECC. There was only the condition effect (p < 0.001), showing that the behavior of \u3b1seq was similar regardless of the therapy. Photobiomodulation with 150 J or 300 J applied previously to a moderate-intensity TECC in DM2 was not able to promote cardiovascular autonomic control changes leading to an improvement in BRS

Effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments during aerobic exercise and glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary adjustments and muscle oxygenation dynamics during transition to moderate exercise, as well as in glucose and lactate levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sixteen individuals with T2DM (age 55.1\ub15.4 years) performed four separate tests receiving LEDT or placebo in random order, at intervals of at least 14 days. A light-emitting diode array (50GaAIAs LEDs, 850nm, 75mW per diode) was used to perform LEDT bilaterally on the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscles for 40s at each site. After, a moderate cycling exercise was performed and oxygen uptake, muscular deoxyhemoglobin, heart rate and cardiac output were measured. Lactate and glucose levels were measured before LEDT/placebo and after the exercise. The LEDT decreased the glucose levels after the exercise compared with values before LEDT (173.7\ub161.0 to 143.5\ub153.5 mg/dl, P=0.02) and it did not affect the cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments in exercise, as well as lactate levels in both groups. In conclusion, the LEDT in combination with moderate exercise acutely decreased the glucose levels in men with T2DM

Efeito do gel da babosa (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) associado ao ultrassom em processo inflamatório agudo Effect of aloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) gel combined with ultrasound in the acute inflammatory process

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a ação antiinflamatória do gel da Babosa a 2% (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) associado ao Ultrassom pulsátil no modelo de edema de pata. Foram utilizados 25 ratos Wistar, (200-250 g), divididos em 5 grupos de 5 animais cada. Grupo1 (controle): ratos tratados com solução salina a 0,9%; Grupo 2: ratos tratados topicamente com gel de A. barbadensis Mill. a 2%; Grupo 3: animais tratados com Ultrassom; Grupo 4: ratos tratados com gel de A. barbadensis Mill. a 2% associado ao Ultrassom; Grupo 5 (controle positivo): ratos tratados com Indometacina na dose de 5 mg Kg-1. Os animais dos grupos 1 e 5 receberam os respectivos tratamentos por via intra-peritoneal 30 minutos antes da injeção intra-plantar de carragenina e os grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram tratados por aplicação tópica de gel de A. barbadensis Mill. a 2%, Ultrassom pulsátil e gel de A. barbadensis Mill. associado ao Ultrassom respectivamente 15 minutos após a indução do edema. Os animais do grupo 04 demonstraram redução significativa do edema quando comparados ao grupo controle, ao mesmo tempo, que se mostrou comparável à indometacina. Observou-se que o gel de aloe associado à fonoforose é capaz reduzir a formação do edema de pata em ratos<br>This work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of 2% aloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) gel combined with pulsed ultrasound in the paw edema model. Twenty-five Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Group1 (control): rats treated with 0.9% saline; Group 2: rats topically treated with 2% aloe gel; Group 3: rats treated with ultrasound; Group 4: rats treated with 2% aloe gel combined with ultrasound; Group 5 (positive control): rats treated with indomethacin at 5 mg Kg-1. Animals of groups 1 and 5 were intraperitoneally treated 30 min before intraplantar carrageenan injection and groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated by topical application of 2% aloe gel, pulsed ultrasound and aloe gel combined with ultrasound, respectively, 15 min after edema induction. Animals of group 4 had a significant reduction in edema relative to controls and showed to be comparable to indomethacin. Aloe gel combined with phonophoresis is capable of reducing paw edema formation in rat