Superspace formulation of general massive gauge theories and geometric interpretation of mass-dependent BRST symmetries

A superspace formulation is proposed for the osp(1,2)-covariant Lagrangian quantization of general massive gauge theories. The superalgebra os0(1,2) is considered as subalgebra of sl(1,2); the latter may be considered as the algebra of generators of the conformal group in a superspace with two anticommuting coordinates. The mass-dependent (anti)BRST symmetries of proper solutions of the quantum master equations in the osp(1,2)-covariant formalism are realized in that superspace as invariance under translations combined with mass-dependent special conformal transformations. The Sp(2) symmetry - in particular the ghost number conservation - and the "new ghost number" conservation are realized as invariance under symplectic rotations and dilatations, respectively. The transformations of the gauge fields - and of the full set of necessarily required (anti)ghost and auxiliary fields - under the superalgebra sl(1,2) are determined both for irreducible and first-stage reducible theories with closed gauge algebra.Comment: 35 pages, AMSTEX, precision of reference

Versatile Cold Atom Source for Multi-Species Experiments

We present a dual-species oven and Zeeman slower setup capable of producing slow, high-flux atomic beams for loading magneto-optical traps. Our compact and versatile system is based on electronic switching between different magnetic field profiles and is applicable to a wide range of multi-species experiments. We give details of the vacuum setup, coils and simple electronic circuitry. In addition, we demonstrate the performance of our system by optimized, sequential loading of magneto-optical traps of lithium-6 and cesium-133.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figure

The Rose Crimson Rambler and Its Progenies

The year 1893 is an important landmark to the rosarian as in that year Charles Turner of Slough, England, introduced the Crimson Rambler rose to the occidental world. Nothing is known of its parentage, it having been introduced from Japan where it had been grown for an unknown period of time. When it was first introduced it was called the Engineer. Later, it was known as Turner\u27s Crimson Rambler. Still later the name Turner was dropped, making it the Crimson Rambler as we know it today. Without regard to name, this rose introduction has proven to be a prolific parent in the production of new varieties. Although the variety belongs to the multiflora group, and many of the descendants are found under that designation, yet its influence also is evident in Polyantha, Lambertiana, Hybrid Wichuraiana, Hybrid Polyantha, and other groups

Soleil D\u27or, The Progenitor of Golden Colored Roses

In 1900 when Monsieur J. Pernet-Ducher introduced a new yellow rose, a seedling of Persian Yellow pollinated by Antoine Ducher, and named it Soleil d\u27Or, he little realized the magical color combinations that this one variety was destined to transmit to the succeeding generations of hybrid tea roses. From the introduction of La France in 1867 until 1900, there were no true yellow hybrid teas. During this period the Noisette Marechal Niel fulfilled the need for a yellow rose. Needless to say, Soleil d\u27Or soon became very popular both as a garden subject and as a source of new blood in hybridization. The popularity of this one rose in breeding work is attested by the fact that the Pernetiana class was erected to include this group, but as the number of hybrids increased, the line of demarcation between hybrid teas and pernetianas disappeared until there is now a tendency to designate all of them hybrid teas

MME. Caroline Testout: The Grand Dame of the Roses

In all breeding work one finds that certain individuals are outstanding in the production of superior progeny. In animal breeding these individuals form the basis for pedigreed stock. An intensive study on the parentage of rose varieties has revealed that certain roses also have produced more named offspring than others. To obtain this information, it was necessary to make a search through the world\u27s most important literature on the rose. This study resulted in the compilation of an index of about 5,000 rose varieties on which parentage data had been recorded

High efficiency tomographic reconstruction of quantum states by quantum nondemolition measurements

We propose a high efficiency tomographic scheme to reconstruct an unknown quantum state of the qubits by using a series of quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements. The proposed QND measurements of the qubits are implemented by probing the the stationary transmissions of the dispersively-coupled resonator. It is shown that only one kind of QND measurements is sufficient to determine all the diagonal elements of the density matrix of the detected quantum state. The remaining non-diagonal elements of the density matrix can be determined by other spectral measurements by beforehand transferring them to the diagonal locations using a series of unitary operations. Compared with the pervious tomographic reconstructions based on the usual destructively projective (DP) measurements (wherein one kind of such measurements could only determine one diagonal element of the density matrix), the present approach exhibits significantly high efficiency for N-qubit (N > 1). Specifically, our generic proposal is demonstrated by the experimental circuit-quantumelectrodynamics (circuit-QED) systems with a few Josephson charge qubits.Comment: 9pages,4figure

Estimating precipitation on early Mars using a radiative-convective model of the atmosphere and comparison with inferred runoff from geomorphology

We compare estimates of atmospheric precipitation during the Martian Noachian-Hesperian boundary 3.8 Gyr ago as calculated in a radiative-convective column model of the atmosphere with runoff values estimated from a geomorphological analysis of dendritic valley network discharge rates. In the atmospheric model, we assume CO2-H2O-N2 atmospheres with surface pressures varying from 20 mb to 3 bar with input solar luminosity reduced to 75% the modern value. Results from the valley network analysis are of the order of a few mm d-1 liquid water precipitation (1.5-10.6 mm d-1, with a median of 3.1 mm d-1). Atmospheric model results are much lower, from about 0.001-1 mm d-1 of snowfall (depending on CO2 partial pressure). Hence, the atmospheric model predicts a significantly lower amount of precipitated water than estimated from the geomorphological analysis. Furthermore, global mean surface temperatures are below freezing, i.e. runoff is most likely not directly linked to precipitation. Therefore, our results strongly favor a cold early Mars with episodic snowmelt as a source for runoff. Our approach is challenged by mostly unconstrained parameters, e.g. greenhouse gas abundance, global meteorology (for example, clouds) and planetary parameters such as obliquity- which affect the atmospheric result - as as well as by inherent problems in estimating discharge and runoff on ancient Mars, such as a lack of knowledge on infiltration and evaporation rates and on flooding timescales, which affect the geomorphological data. Nevertheless, our work represents a first step in combining and interpreting quantitative tools applied in early Mars atmospheric and geomorphological studies.Comment: accepted in Planetary and Space Science, 37 pages, 14 figures, 2 table

Effets de paramètres d'opération sur la décantation de boues biologiques d'une unité de traitement d'eaux usées de raffinerie

La qualité de l'effluent des systèmes de biotraitement par boues activées est souvent limitée par la performance de l'unité de décantation. Cette étude analyse les causes possibles des difficultés d'opération rencontrées dans la décantation des boues évacuées aux décanteurs secondaires d'une raffinerie de pétrole. Les objectifs visent à déterminer et à quantifier l'effet des paramètres d'opération qui affectent le fonctionnement du décanteur, en les reliant si possible à son mauvais fonctionnement, à évaluer de l'ajout d'alun et à proposer des méthodes correctives pour améliorer l'efficacité de décantation.L'étude montre que :- l'efficacité des décanteurs sera améliorée si le niveau d'oxygène dissous et la concentration en matières totales en suspension (MTS) dans le bassin d'aération sont respectivement maintenus entre 0,9 à 1,3 ppm et 4 300 à 4 800 mg/L;- le pH de la liqueur mixte ne semble pas influencer la décantabitité;- l'addition d'alun doit être évitée ou maintenue inférieure à 50 mg/L;- l'agitation et les vitesses linéaires élevées dans les conduites d'alimentation des décanteurs doivent être évitées.The wastewater treatment systems built in the seventies for treating the effluents from oil refineries often fail to comply with new environmental standards. The present study focuses mainly on the problem of sludge settling in the clarifiers. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of various parameters on the settling characteristics of the activated sludge, to evaluate the rote of alun as a flocculating agent and to characterize the operation of the clarifiers primarily as it relates to the settling problem. The influence of the quantity of the alun added and of the stirring speed on the settling characteristics of the sludge were determined in jar tests. The effects, on the performance of the clarifiers, of the level of dissolved oxygen in the bioreactor, of the pH and of the concentration in total suspended solids (TSS) maintained in the mixed liquor, were also investigated.The studies on the sludge settleability led to the following conclusions :- the concentration in dissolved oxygen and the concentration in TSS in the aeration tank are two parameters which have a critical effect on the effluent quality. The optimal operating intervals for these parameters are from 0.9 to 1.3 ppm for dissolved oxygen and from 4 300 to 4 800 mg/L for the TSS;- the pH of the mixed liquor is not a main factor and does not seem to have any effect on the sludge settleability;- the addition of alum in excess of 50 mg/L has an adverse effect on the sludge settling characteristics. Addition of alum below this level, however, improves the clarity of the residual liquor. Nevertheless, the addition of this flocculating agent is not recommended;- the high flowrates and violent mixing in the piping system used to feed the mixed liquor from the aeration tank to the clarifiers adversely affects the solid-liquid separation in the clarifiers.By simply stopping the addition of the flocculating agent, maintaining the dissolved oxygen concentration between 1 to 2 ppm and the TSS between 4 300 to 4 800 mg/L in the wastewater treatment unit, it was possible to improve substantially the quality of the effluent and thus meet the environmental standards

Incomplete quantum state estimation: a comprehensive study

We present a detailed account of quantum state estimation by joint maximization of the likelihood and the entropy. After establishing the algorithms for both perfect and imperfect measurements, we apply the procedure to data from simulated and actual experiments. We demonstrate that the realistic situation of incomplete data from imperfect measurements can be handled successfully.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure