Irreversibility of advanced osteoporosis: Limited role for pharmacologic intervention

Osteoporosis is of medical interest only because it increases bone fragility and risk of fracture, and except for relief of symptoms, preventing fracture is the only purpose of intervention. To prevent the first fracture, adequate bone density must be accumulated and conserved, but to prevent subsequent fracture, bone density must be augmented so that the supportive function of the skeleton can be restored. Almost 50 years after the recognition of post menopausal osteoporosis as a clinical entity, not one of the many treatments that have been used has been demonstrated to be efficacious in reducing subsequent fracture risk. My purpose is not to recite this chronicle of disappointment, but to account for it in terms of bone biology, to consider some possible exceptions, and to reiterate the importance of preventing damage to the skeleton rather than belatedly attempting its repair

Effective use of Pupil Premium Plus to improve educational outcomes for looked after children

This publication reports on research funded by the National Association of Virtual School Heads and presents insights into the use of Pupil Premium Plus (PP+) to support educational outcomes for looked after children. Using data generated from Virtual School Heads, Designated Teachers and other stakeholder professionals, supported by available academic and policy texts, these insights together with emerging evidence of gaps in guidance and support inform a set of recommendations for stakeholders to consider to support educational outcomes for looked after children; specifically relating to: 1) The guidance and support available for effective use of PP+; 2) How PP+ is used and allocated; and 3) How impact of PP+-funded interventions is evidenced

Irrigação por inundação intermitente para culturas em rotação ao arroz em áreas de várzea do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Drenagem superficial para diversificação do uso de solos de várzea do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Taphonomic and technological analyses of Lower Palaeolithic bone tools from Clacton-on-Sea, UK

The exceptional survival of Middle Pleistocene wooden spears at Schöningen (Germany) and Clacton-on-Sea (UK) provides tantalizing evidence for the widespread use of organic raw materials by early humans. At Clacton, less well-known organic artefacts include modified bones that were identified by the Abbé Henri Breuil in the 1920s. Some of these pieces were described and figured by Hazzledine Warren in his classic 1951 paper on the flint industry from the Clacton Channel, but they have been either overlooked in subsequent studies or dismissed as the product of natural damage. We provide the first detailed analysis of two Clactonian bone tools found by Warren and a previously unrecognized example recovered in 1934 during excavations directed by Mary Leakey. Microscopic examination of percussion damage suggests the bones were used as knapping hammers to shape or resharpen flake tools. Early Palaeolithic bone tools are exceedingly rare, and the Clacton examples are the earliest known organic knapping hammers associated with a core-and-flake (Mode 1) lithic technology. The use of soft hammers for knapping challenges the consensus that Clactonian flintknapping was undertaken solely with hard hammerstones, thus removing a major technological and behavioural difference used to distinguish the Clactonian from late Acheulean handaxe (Mode 2) industries

Earliest Directly-Dated Human Skull-Cups

The use of human braincases as drinking cups and containers has extensive historic and ethnographic documentation, but archaeological examples are extremely rare. In the Upper Palaeolithic of western Europe, cut-marked and broken human bones are widespread in the Magdalenian (∼15 to 12,000 years BP) and skull-cup preparation is an element of this tradition

Molecular markers for grape characterization

Research NoteFive cultivars and 9 Pinot noir clones were used to test the usefulness of RFLP and RAPD markers and determine whether clonal selections could be differentiated

Design of a Guarded Hot Plate for Measuring Thin Specimens of Polymer and Composite Materials

The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has developed a new design of guarded hot plate apparatus specifically for absolute measurements on thin specimens of medium thermal conductivity materials, such as the polymer composites that are becoming more widely used in aerospace and other advanced manufacturing sectors. Although NPL has an existing measurement facility based on a commercially manufactured apparatus conforming to ASTM E1530, this current facility is not based on an absolute measurement technique and is not able to provide the low measurement uncertainty or flexibility that is increasingly being demanded by industrial users of this NPL service. The target specification for this new NPL guarded hot plate is the measurement of materials with thermal conductivity in the range 0.1–10 W·m−1·K−1 using specimens with thickness of 1–20 mm and over the temperature range −100°C to 250°C. This is achieved using a new design of guarded heater plate and a temperature-controlled environmental chamber. This chamber can be evacuated and specific gases can be introduced, enabling measurements on porous materials under a wide range of environments. It can be used in either a single specimen or a double specimen configuration, and with specimen diameters of either 75 mm or 50.8 mm that is used in many older styles of comparative measurement apparatus. During the commissioning of this new measurements facility, it is planned to investigate various approaches for reducing thermal contact resistance between the specimen and plates. This facility will then provide the flexibility for meeting a wider range of requirements from industrial customers

Potencial de produção do híbrido de milho BRS 1001, em solos hidromórficos do Rio Grande do Sul.

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