Distritos de innovación en el mundo

El 20è aniversari del districte d’innovació de Barcelona, el 22@Barcelona, justifica plenament aquest número especial. Actors clau del món acadèmic, organitzacions i institucions de diversos districtes d'innovació d'arreu del món s'han sumat a aquest projecte de celebració que s'ha materialitzat en la col·lecció d'articles que conformen “Districts of Innovation in the World”. El resultat és una recopilació única d'experiències, anàlisis i avaluacions que evidencien la rellevància dels districtes d'innovació com a eines per al desenvolupament urbà, econòmic i social, però també com a nuclis urbans de producció de tecnologia i innovació. Beneficiat d'anys d'intercanvi d'idees i col·laboració mútua, aquest número especial ofereix, des d'una perspectiva evolutiva, una anàlisi de les transicions, adaptacions i mutacions que han experimentat els districtes d'innovació arreu del món.The 20th anniversary of the innovation district of Barcelona, the 22@Barcelona, provides the rationale for this special issue. Key actors in the academia, organisations and institutions from several innovation districts around the world, have joined this celebration project that has materialized in the collection of articles that conform “Districts of Innovation in the World”. The result is a unique compilation of experiences, analysis and evaluations that evidence the relevance of innovation districts as tools for urban, economic and social development but also as urban cores of production of technology and innovation. Benefiting from years of exchange of ideas and mutual collaboration, this special issue offers, from an evolutionary perspective, an analysis of the transitions, adaptations and mutations that innovation districts have experienced around the world.El 20 aniversario del distrito de innovación de Barcelona, el 22@Barcelona es la principal motivación de este número especial. Figuras clave del mundo académico, organizaciones e Instituciones de diversos distritos de innovación de todo el mundo se han reunido para este projecto de celebración que ha acabado materializándose en el conjunto de artículos que conforman este “Districts of Innovation in the World”. El resultado es una compilación única de experiències, anàlisis y evaluaciones que ponen en evidencia la relevancia de los distritos de innovación como herramientas para el desarrollo urbano, económico y social, así como para configurar centros urbanos de producción de tecnologia e innovación. Apoyándose en años de intercambio de idees y de colaboración mutua entre los autores de este número especial, ofrecemos desde una perspectiva evolutiva un anàlisis de las transiciones, adaptaciones y mutacions que los distritos de innovación han experimentado en el mundo

Measuring the development of innovations districts through performance indicators: 22@Barcelona Case

Els districtes d'innovació estan augmentant com a abanderats del nou paradigma urbà, econòmic i social i com a solució al renaixement del centre de les ciutats ja que acceleren la creació i comercialització de noves idees que aprofiten els objectius de la ciutat i els seus atributs tecnològics i econòmics.  La configuració d'indicadors precisos per mesurar el grau d'assoliment dels objectius dels districtes d'innovació és un dels principals requisits per garantir el desenvolupament adequat del districte.  Fins i tot quan l'estudi dels districtes d'innovació és un tema cada vegada més estudiat, encara es coneix poc sobre la seva execució, i calen  eines que analitzin i afavoreixin la seva evolució i desenvolupament.  L'objectiu d'aquest document és doble: d'una banda, tracta de recollir i analitzar els indicadors que s'han utilitzat en la literatura per mesurar el grau de maduresa durant el transcurs dels 20 anys d'existència del 22@Barcelona, una àrea d'innovació que va transformar un antic districte industrial en un de coneixement. D'altra banda, guiat per les quatre dimensions de la teoria del Desenvolupament Urbà basat en el Coneixement  i els principals actors que componen l'enfocament de la Triple Hèlix, l’article dissenya un marc d'indicadors en les quatre esferes que formen la regeneració del districte, és a dir, la urbana, econòmica, social i de governança. Com veurem, es proposen un total de 47 indicadors que indiquen per a cadascuna d'elles: l'entorn en el qual s'aplica, l'objectiu principal al qual respon, i l'actor principal amb el major poder d'acció sobre aquest tema.Innovation Districts are rising as the banners of the new urban, economic, and social paradigm and as a solution to the renaissance of inner cities since they expedite the creation and commercialization of new ideas which leverage the city goals and its technologic and economic attributes. The configuration of accurate indicators to measure the degree of achievement of the innovation district goals is one of the main requirements to ensure district proper development. Even when the study of innovation districts is a topic that is increasingly under study, little is still known about the insight, and it is still needed tools that favor their evolution and development. The aim of this paper is two-fold: on the one hand, it seeks to collect and analyze the indicators that have been used in literature to measure the degree of maturity over the course of the 20-year existence of the 22@Barcelona, an area of innovation that transformed an old industrial district into a knowledge-based one. On the other hand, guided by the four dimensions of the Knowledge Base Urban Development theory and the main actors that make up Triple Helix approach, the paper designs a framework of indicators in the four spheres that shape the regeneration of the district, that is, urban, economic, social and governance. As we shall see, a total of 47 indicators are proposed, indicating for each of them: the environment in which it is applied, the main purpose to which it responds, and the main actor with the greatest power of action over it

Multicenter Evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens

The QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel (QIAstat-Dx RP) is a multiplex in vitro diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of 20 pathogens directly from nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens. The assay is performed using a simple sample-to-answer platform with results available in approximately 69 min. The pathogens identified are adenovirus, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus HKU1, coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43, human metapneumovirus A and B, influenza A, influenza A H1, influenza A H3, influenza A H1N1/2009, influenza B, parainfluenza virus 1, parainfluenza virus 2, parainfluenza virus 3, parainfluenza virus 4, rhinovirus/enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This multicenter evaluation provides data obtained from 1,994 prospectively collected and 310 retrospectively collected (archived) NPS specimens with performance compared to that of the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel, version 1.7. The overall percent agreement between QIAstat-Dx RP and the comparator testing was 99.5%. In the prospective cohort, the QIAstat-Dx RP demonstrated a positive percent agreement of 94.0% or greater for the detection of all but four analytes: coronaviruses 229E, NL63, and OC43 and rhinovirus/enterovirus. The test also demonstrated a negative percent agreement of ≥97.9% for all analytes. The QIAstat-Dx RP is a robust and accurate assay for rapid, comprehensive testing for respiratory pathogens

Definition of a SNOMED CT pathology subset and microglossary, based on 1.17 million biological samples from the Catalan Pathology Registry

SNOMED CT terminology is not backed by standard norms of encoding among pathologists. The vast number of concepts ordered in hierarchies and axes, together with the lack of rules of use, complicates the functionality of SNOMED CT for coding, extracting, and analyzing the data. Defining subgroups of SNOMED CT by discipline could increase its functionality. The challenge lies in how to choose the concepts to be included in a subset from a total of over 300,000. Besides, SNOMED CT does not cover daily need, as the clinical reality is dynamic and changing. To adapt SNOMED CT to needs in a flexible way, the possibility exists to create extensions. In Catalonia, most pathology departments have been migrating from SNOMED II to SNOMED CT in a bid to advance the development of the Catalan Pathology Registry, which was created in 2014 as a repository for all the pathological diagnoses. This article explains the methodology used to: (a) identify the clinico-pathological entities and the molecular diagnostic procedures not included in SNOMED CT; (b) define the theoretical subset and microglossary of pathology; (c) describe the SNOMED CT concepts used by pathologists of 1.17 million samples of the Catalan Pathology Registry; and d) adapt the theoretical subset and the microglossary according to the actual use of SNOMED CT. Of the 328,365 concepts available for coding the diagnoses (326,732 in SNOMED CT and 1,576 in Catalan extension), only 2% have been used. Combining two axes of SNOMED CT, body structure and clinical findings, has enabled coding most of the morphologies

Underdiagnosis and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective study

BACKGROUND Retrospective studies based on clinical data and without spirometric confirmation suggest a poorer prognosis of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The impact of undiagnosed COPD in these patients is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of COPD - previously or newly diagnosed - in patients with IHD treated with PCI. METHODS: Patients with IHD confirmed by PCI were consecutively included. After PCI they underwent forced spirometry and evaluation for cardiovascular risk factors. All-cause mortality, new cardiovascular events, and their combined endpoint were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 133 patients (78%) male, with a mean (SD) age of 63 (10.12) years were included. Of these, 33 (24.8%) met the spirometric criteria for COPD, of whom 81.8% were undiagnosed. IHD patients with COPD were older, had more coronary vessels affected, and a greater history of previous myocardial infarction. Median follow-up was 934 days (interquartile range [25%-75%]: 546-1,160). COPD patients had greater mortality (P=0.008; hazard ratio [HR]: 8.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.76-44.47) and number of cardiovascular events (P=0.024; HR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.04-3.33), even those without a previous diagnosis of COPD (P=0.01; HR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.12-2.83). These differences remained after adjustment for sex, age, number of coronary vessels affected, and previous myocardial infarction (P=0.025; HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.08-3.1). CONCLUSION: Prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD in patients with IHD who undergo PCI are both high. These patients have an independent greater mortality and a higher number of cardiovascular events during follow-up

Medical, environmental and personal factors of disability in the elderly in Spain: a screening survey based on the International Classification of Functioning

Malalties cròniques; Demència; Avaluació de la discapacitatEnfermedades crónicas; Demencia; Evaluación de la discapacidadChronic diseases; Dementia; Disability evaluationObjectives: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) advocates a multifactorial and multifaceted conceptualization of disability. The objective of this study was to ascertain major medical, environmental and personal determinants of severe/extreme disability among the elderly population in Spain. The assessment scheme was consistent with the ICF model of disability.Methods: Nine populations contributed probabilistic or geographically-defined samples following a two-phase screening design. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the 12-item version of the World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule, 2(nd) ed. (WHO-DAS II), were used as cognitive and disability screening tools, respectively. Positively screened individuals underwent clinical work-up for dementia and were administered the 36-item version of the WHO-DAS II to estimate ICF disability levels. We used logistic regression for the purposes of data combination, adjusted for age and sex in all analyses. Results: The sample was composed of 503 participants aged ≥ 75 years. Alzheimeŕs disease and depression were highly predictive of severe/extreme disability (OR: 17.40, 3.71). Good access to social services was strongly associated with a low level or absence of disability (OR: 0.05 to 0.18). Very difficult access to services and having dementia or another psychiatric disorder were associated with an increase in disability (OR: 66.06). There was also a significant interaction effect between access to services and neurological disorders (OR: 12.74).Conclusions: Disability is highly prevalent among the Spanish elderly and is influenced by medical, social and personal factors. Disability could potentially be reduced by ensuring access to social services, preventing dementia and stroke, and treating depression.This project, led by J. de Pedro-Cuesta, was supported by thePfizer Foundation and by the RECSP C03-09, CIEN C03-06 and CIBERNED and CIBERSAM research network

REGSTATTOOLS: freeware statistical tools for the analysis of disease population databases used in health and social studies

Background: The repertoire of statistical methods dealing with the descriptive analysis of the burden of a disease has been expanded and implemented in statistical software packages during the last years. The purpose of this paper is to present a web-based tool, REGSTATTOOLS http://regstattools.net intended to provide analysis for the burden of cancer, or other group of disease registry data. Three software applications are included in REGSTATTOOLS: SART (analysis of disease"s rates and its time trends), RiskDiff (analysis of percent changes in the rates due to demographic factors and risk of developing or dying from a disease) and WAERS (relative survival analysis). Results: We show a real-data application through the assessment of the burden of tobacco-related cancer incidence in two Spanish regions in the period 1995-2004. Making use of SART we show that lung cancer is the most common cancer among those cancers, with rising trends in incidence among women. We compared 2000-2004 data with that of 1995-1999 to assess percent changes in the number of cases as well as relative survival using RiskDiff and WAERS, respectively. We show that the net change increase in lung cancer cases among women was mainly attributable to an increased risk of developing lung cancer, whereas in men it is attributable to the increase in population size. Among men, lung cancer relative survival was higher in 2000-2004 than in 1995-1999, whereas it was similar among women when these time periods were compared. Conclusions: Unlike other similar applications, REGSTATTOOLS does not require local software installation and it is simple to use, fast and easy to interpret. It is a set of web-based statistical tools intended for automated calculation of population indicators that any professional in health or social sciences may require

Frailty and mortality : Utility of Frail-VIG index in ED short-stay units for older adults

Frailty assessment allows the identification of patients at risk of death. The aim here was to study the ability of Frail-VIG Index (FI-VIG) in order to discriminate frailty groups of older adults and garner its correlation with mortality in an Emergency-Department Short-Stay Unit (ED-SSU). Our observational, single-center, prospective study consecutively included patients over 65-years-old admitted between March 1, 2021, and April 30, 2021. 302 patients were included (56 % women), mean age 83 ± 8 years, and 39.1 % of them had a functional disability whilst 16.5 % of them had dementia. A total of 174 patients (58 %) met the frailty criteria (FI-VIG ≥ 0.2): 111 (63.8 %) had mild frailty (FI-VIG 0.2-0.36), 52 (29.9 %) had moderate frailty (FI-VIG 0.36-0.55), and 11 (6.3 %) had advanced frailty (FI-VIG > 0.55). Mortality at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year was analyzed: no frailty was 6.3 %, 10.8 %, and 12.5 %, respectively; mild frailty was 10.8 %, 22.5 %, and 22.5 %, respectively; moderate frailty was 25 %, 34.6 %, and 42.3 %, respectively; advanced frailty was 36.4 %, 54.5 %, and 3.6 %, respectively. This shows the significant differences between the groups (1-year mortality p < 0.001). Mild frailty vs. non-frail HR was 2.47 (95 %CI 1.12-5.46), moderate frailty vs. non-frail HR was 6.93 (95 %CI 3.16-15.23), and advanced frailty vs. non-frail HR was 11.29 (95 %CI 3.54-36.03). The mean test time was 7 min. There was a strong correlation between frailty degree and mortality at 1, 6, and 12 months. FI-VIG is fast and easy-to-use in this setting. It is routine implementation in ED-SSUs could enable early risk stratification