Tártago asociado a cultivos anuales: una opción para la agricultura familiar

El tártago por sus características agroecológicas se adapta a la agricultura familiar. Para evaluar la factibilidad de la asociación de tártago con cultivos anuales se instaló un experimento con diseño en bloques completos al azar, con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones, en el Distrito de Escobar, Departamento de Paraguarí, entre agosto de 2007 y julio de 2009. Los tratamientos fueron T1: monocultivo de maíz; T2: monocultivo de poroto; T3: monocultivo de algodón; T4: monocultivo de tártago; T5: tártago asociado a maíz; T6: tártago asociado a poroto; T7: tártago asociado a algodón. Fueron analizadas altura del cacho primario, altura de plantas de tártago en el primer año y rendimiento en granos de tártago, maíz, poroto y algodón en rama, en monocultivo y asociados y la eficiencia de las asociaciones mediante el Índice Equivalente de la Tierra (IET) en los dos años. La mayor altura de inserción del cacho primario y altura final de plantas se obtuvieron en la asociación del tártago con maíz (149,0 cm), y de tártago con algodón (215,0 cm), respectivamente, evaluadas en el primer año de experimentación. El rendimiento de tártago en el mismo año en monocultivo y en asociación presentó escasa variación, entre 963 y 1059 kg ha-1. En el segundo año, se obtuvo menor producción en la asociación de tártago con maíz (898 kg ha-1) y con algodón (890 kg ha-1) que en monocultivo (1056 kg ha-1). El IET obtenido en los dos años indica que asociando el cultivo de tártago con algodón, maíz o poroto se logra un uso más eficiente del suelo

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.</p

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

El 2% de inulina de agave en el alimento del conejo afecta positivamente la digestibilidad y microbiota intestinal

Oligosaccharides present in feed act as microflora modulator and nondigestible fiber source. Agave azul tequilana Weber is a plant that is primarily used to produce tequila and as a source of the fructo-oligosaccharide inulin. Eighteen male rabbits nourished with commercial feed were used to assess three levels (0, 1, or 2%) of agave inulin addition, and its impact on digestibility and microbial population of the intestine. The addition of the agave inulin reduced the intake and increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients (p 0.05). Also, water daily intake was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). On the other hand, fecal E. coli count (UFC/g) was drastically reduced with the addition of the agave inulin in the feed. In conclusion, use of 2% of agave inulin in feed affects positively the rabbit digestibility and reduces the gut microbial population.Los oligosacáridos de los alimentos actúan como moduladores de la microbiota intestinal y a la vez como fibra no digerible. El Agave azul tequilana Weber es una planta que se emplea tradicionalmente para producir tequila, pero actualmente es fuente del fructo-oligosacárido inulina. Dieciocho conejos machos fueron alimentados con concentrado comercial para evaluar el efecto de la adición de tres niveles (0, 1, o 2%) de inulina de agave, en la digestibilidad y población microbiana del intestino. Adicionar la inulina de agave al alimento redujo el consumo e incremento la digestibilidad aparente de los nutrimentos (p < 0.05), incluyendo de la energía bruta (p < 0.05). En cambio, el consumo de agua de bebida se redujo significativamente (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, la cantidad de E. coli (UFC/g) en las heces de los conejos se vieron reducidas con la adición de la inulina (p < 0.05). En conclusión, el empleo de 2% de inulina de agave en el alimento del conejo, afecta positivamente la digestibilidad y microflora intestinal

Fibrinolysis versus thoracoscopy: Comparison of results in empyema management in the child

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare the outcome of treatment with drainage and urokinase (UK) versus thoracoscopy (TS) in pleural empyema secondary to complicated pneumonia. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions between 2008 and 2019 treated with UK or TS. Epidemiological and evolutionary data compared days of fever, antibiotic, pre- and postprocedure stay, time to radiological resolution, and complications. The results were expressed as medians and the comparisons were made by the Mann–Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Of 143 patients with NC, 46 were empyemas (26 men), 25 were treated with TS, and 10 were treated with UK. The remaining 11 received combined treatment, being excluded from the study. There were no significant differences between TS versus UK in age (median 4 vs. 3 years), days of fever before the procedure (4 vs. 2) and after (2 vs. 2), days of antibiotic treatment before the procedure (4 vs. 4), overall hospital stay (15 vs. 13 days), and months until radiological normalization (2 vs. 2). The complications related to the therapy were scarce in both groups and had no impact on evolution. Patients with TS had a longer preprocedural stay (4 vs. 1; P < 0.001) and required fewer days of subsequent antibiotic after procedure (8 vs. 11; P = 0.03), and a shorter overall antibiotic treatment time (11 vs. 16; P = 0.03). They also had a shorter post-TS stay (9 vs. 12 days), although this difference did not become significant (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the results obtained with both procedures are quite similar, although patients undergoing TS had a better evolution (fewer days of antibiotic and a tendency to less hospitalization), despite having been performed a priori in more evolved patients

Biology of three species of North American Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) fed on rabbits

Aspects related to hatching, lifetime, number of blood meals for molting, mortality, feeding time, and postfeeding defecation delay were evaluated and compared in each instar of three North American Triatominae: Triatoma gerstaeckeri, Triatoma lecticularia and Triatoma protracta, all of them fed on rabbits. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among the three species regarding mean hatching rate, which was close to 20 days. Egg-to-adult development times were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) for T. lecticularia. Number of blood meals for molting to next instar ranged from one to five for T. protracta, and from one to six for T. gerstaeckeri and T. lecticularia. Mortality rates were higher in younger nymphs of T. lecticularia and T. protracta, while rates in T. gerstaeckeri were higher in fifth-instar nymphs. Mean feeding time was longest in T. gerstaeckeri, followed by T. lecticularia. More than twice the number of T. gerstaeckeri nymphs completed the development process, if compared to the nymphs from the other two species. Defecation delay was less than 10 min for T. lecticularia, T. protracta and the youngest nymphs of T. gerstaeckeri. Results point out that these three species may be important potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi for human populations, in areas of Mexico where these species are currently present

La Política: deliberación, técnica y movimiento

La racionalidad técnica y el pensamiento experto aparecen hoy como el principal instrumento para legitimar la toma de decisiones en el campo de la política. El proceso de racionalización de todas las esferas de la vida que anunciara hace poco más de un siglo Max Weber, encuentra en la política contemporánea, un territorio fértil para su reproducción. Las democracias latinoamericanas no están exentas de esta dinámica de reducción de lo político a lo técnico, que traduce los conflictos inherentes a la construcción del espacio público, en problemas contingentes sobre la definición del instrumento apropiado. Esta arremetida de la técnica en el espacio público, pospone el enfrentamiento de acciones y discursos que buscan apropiarse y reconstruir lo público, a favor de una ecuación primaria orientada a depurar un espacio inmunizado ante la controversia. La arremetida de la técnica nos pone así frente al confinamiento de la política a una pura cuestión de medios, no ya de fines. Y es que la reducción de la política a lo técnico implica excluir a los fines de toda discusión. El fin para la técnica no es un problema sino un principio que de facto neutraliza la acción y prefigura el discurso

La Política: deliberación, técnica y movimiento

La racionalidad técnica y el pensamiento experto aparecen hoy como el principal instrumento para legitimar la toma de decisiones en el campo de la política. El proceso de racionalización de todas las esferas de la vida que anunciara hace poco más de un siglo Max Weber, encuentra en la política contemporánea, un territorio fértil para su reproducción. Las democracias latinoamericanas no están exentas de esta dinámica de reducción de lo político a lo técnico, que traduce los conflictos inherentes a la construcción del espacio público, en problemas contingentes sobre la definición del instrumento apropiado. Esta arremetida de la técnica en el espacio público, pospone el enfrentamiento de acciones y discursos que buscan apropiarse y reconstruir lo público, a favor de una ecuación primaria orientada a depurar un espacio inmunizado ante la controversia. La arremetida de la técnica nos pone así frente al confinamiento de la política a una pura cuestión de medios, no ya de fines. Y es que la reducción de la política a lo técnico implica excluir a los fines de toda discusión. El fin para la técnica no es un problema sino un principio que de facto neutraliza la acción y prefigura el discurso

La Política: deliberación, técnica y movimiento

La racionalidad técnica y el pensamiento experto aparecen hoy como el principal instrumento para legitimar la toma de decisiones en el campo de la política. El proceso de racionalización de todas las esferas de la vida que anunciara hace poco más de un siglo Max Weber, encuentra en la política contemporánea, un territorio fértil para su reproducción. Las democracias latinoamericanas no están exentas de esta dinámica de reducción de lo político a lo técnico, que traduce los conflictos inherentes a la construcción del espacio público, en problemas contingentes sobre la definición del instrumento apropiado. Esta arremetida de la técnica en el espacio público, pospone el enfrentamiento de acciones y discursos que buscan apropiarse y reconstruir lo público, a favor de una ecuación primaria orientada a depurar un espacio inmunizado ante la controversia. La arremetida de la técnica nos pone así frente al confinamiento de la política a una pura cuestión de medios, no ya de fines. Y es que la reducción de la política a lo técnico implica excluir a los fines de toda discusión. El fin para la técnica no es un problema sino un principio que de facto neutraliza la acción y prefigura el discurso