Study of drug wastage rate and knowledge of operating room employees toward drug wastage in Ayatollah Kashani Hospital in Shahrekord, 2012-2013

زمینه و هدف: امروزه به علت افزایش هزینه اثر بخشی مراقبت های بهداشتی توجه قابل ملاحظه ای به هزینه های داروها شده است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین میزان دور ریز برخی داروهای رایج مصرفی در اتاق عمل چشم، گوش و حلق و بینی (ENT) و همچنین بررسی آگاهی کارکنان اتاق عمل بیمارستان آیت اله کاشانی شهرکرد در خصوص دور ریز داروها انجام گردید. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مقطعی، میزان دور ریز برخی داروهای رایج اتاق عمل بیمارستان آیت اله کاشانی شهرکرد طی یک دوره سه ماهه بصورت روزانه بررسی و هزینه مالی آن ها برآورد گردید. همچنین آگاهی 100 نفر از کارکنان شاغل در اتاق عمل این بیمارستان در خصوص دور ریز دارو با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بررسی گردید. یافته ها: در این مطالعه در دسته آمپول ها، قطره ها و سرم ها به ترتیب آمپول پروپوفول با 4/22، قطره پیلوکاربین با 9/94 و سرم مانیتول با 3/59 بالاترین درصد دور ریز را به خود اختصاص دادند. کمترین درصد دور ریز متعلق به آمپول آتروپین (9) بود. از نظر مالی بیشترین بار مالی به ازای هر بیمار متعلق به پروپوفول (21000 ریال) و کمترین متعلق به آتروپین (1066 ریال) بود. نمره آگاهی آزمودنی ها در خصوص دور ریز دارو 82 برآورد گردید. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به وجود دوزهای متفاوت داروئی و روش های مختلف مصرف، این میزان دور ریز گزارش شده در این مطالعه قابل توجیه نمی باشد، لذا مسئولین علاوه بر توجه به مقوله تولید و تهیه دارو می بایست به مقوله مصرف نیز توجه بیشتری نمایند

THE PERSONAL STYLE OF HÂFIZ IN TERMS OF COLOURING THE DEPICTIONS OF POETRY

Şairler, şiir tasvirlerini oluşturmak ve şiirlerindeki konuları beyan etmek için renklerden yararlanırlar. Fakat renklerin işleniş tarzı, ölçüsü, renklere yöneliş biçimleri her şairde birbirinden farklıdır. Eleştirmenler ve söz ustaları kendi araştırmalarında da edebi eserde rengin önemini pek dikkate almamışlardır. Oysaki edebi eserlerde renklerin işlevinin araştırılması şairlerin tarz ve usullerini açıklamada araştırmacılara yarar sağlayabilir. Bu makalede, “Fars Edebiyatında Kullanılan Renklerin Araştırılması” adlı doktora tezinden istifade edilmiştir. Renklerden yararlanmada Hâfız’a has tarzlardan bazıları tanıtılmaya çalışılmış ve Hâfız’ın renklere karışmış şiirini diğer şiirlerden ayıran üslup özelliklerine dikkat çekilmiştir. Bu makalede incelenen beyit örnekleri Hâfız’ın birkaç kelimeyi yan yana getirerek doğrudan adı telaffuz edilmemiş bir rengi okuyanın gözünde nasıl canlandırdığını, iham ya da kinaye yoluyla veya çağrışımlar yardımıyla kendi şiirsel tasvirlerini nasıl renklendirdiğini göstermektedir. Makalenin sonunda Hâfız ile diğer şairler arasında şiirleri renklendirme hususunda söz konusu yöntemlerin kullanılmasıyla ortaya çıkan temel farklar gösterilmiştir.Poets use colours to create their depictions and to introduce the topics in their poems. However, the modus operandi of the colours, its extent and the style of orientations to colour are different in each poet. Critics and such literary masters have paid little attention to the importance of colours in their own research work. However, examining the function of colours in literary works may be beneficial to the researchers in explain ing the method and style of poets. This article benefşts from the doctoral thesis titled ‘Investigation of the colours used in Persian literature’ Some of Hâfız own style in the use of colours has been introduced and his poem mixed with the colours and the stylistic features that distinguish it from other poems are pointed out. The couplets examples examined in this article show that how Hâfız colours his own poetic depictions by using iham or allusion or connotation bringing a few words together to portray a colour whose name isn’t pronouced in the reader’s eye. At the end of the article, the basic differences between Hafız and other poets emerging from the use of mentioned methods in terms of coloring poems are shown

An agonist sensitive, quick and simple cell-based signaling assay for determination of ligands mimicking prostaglandin E2 or E1 activity through subtype EP1 receptor: Suitable for high throughput screening

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Conventionally the active ingredients in herbal extracts are separated into individual components, by fractionation, desalting, and followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study we have tried to directly screen water-soluble fractions of herbs with potential active ingredients before purification or extraction. We propose that the herbal extracts mimicking prostaglandin E₁(PGE₁) and E₂(PGE₂) can be identified in the water-soluble non-purified fraction. PGE₁is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule used for treating peripheral vascular diseases while PGE₂is an inflammatory molecule.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used cell-based assays (CytoFluor multi-well plate reader and fluorescence microscopy) in which a calcium signal was generated by the recombinant EP₁receptor stably expressed in HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney). PGE₁and PGE₂were tested for their ability to generate a calcium signal. Ninety-six water soluble fractions of Treasures of the east (single Chinese herb dietary supplements) were screened.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After screening, the top ten stimulators were identified. The identified herbs were then desalted and the calcium fluorescent signal reconfirmed using fluorescence microscopy. Among these top ten agonists identified, seven stimulated the calcium signaling (1-40 μM concentration) using fluorescence microscopy.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Fluorescence microscopy and multi-well plate readers can be used as a target specific method for screening water soluble fractions with active ingredients at a very early stage, before purification. Our future work consists of purifying and separating the active ingredients and repeating fluorescence microscopy. Under ordinary circumstances we would have to purify the compounds first and then test all the extracts from 96 herbs. Conventionally, for screening natural product libraries, the procedure followed is the automated separation of all constituents into individual components using fractionation and high performance liquid chromatography. We, however, demonstrated that the active ingredients of the herbal extracts can be tested before purification using an agonist sensitive, quick and simple cell-based signaling assay for ligands mimicking the agonists, PGE₁and PGE₂.</p

A local adaptive density-based algorithm for clustering polygonal buildings in urban block polygons

Building clustering is an important task that should be performed prior to building generalization operations. One of the most common approaches for building clustering is the use of density-based algorithms. Current density-based algorithms encounter problems in detecting accurate clusters in a region with varying density. To overcome this problem, a new density-based spatial clustering algorithm, local-adaptive DBSCAN (LA-DBSCAN), which can cluster polygonal buildings in urban blocks with noise and non-uniform density, is developed. The advantage of LA-DBSCAN is that it can select parameters that are adaptive to different local situations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, the complete building generalization process is implemented using four datasets at 1:25k scale. An evaluation of the results allowed us to conclude that the LA-DBSCAN algorithm yields more homogeneous and accurate results than the DBSCAN algorithm. Thus, the presented approach is beneficial for the detection of building patterns and the generalization

An integrated framework for linear pattern extraction in the building group generalization process

Building pattern extraction is an essential step in building generalization. Although many studies have already been conducted, there is a lack of a framework for extracting building patterns. To overcome this problem, an integrated framework for extracting building linear patterns is presented. First, an aggregation function is presented based on the TOPSIS method, which determines the similarity index in terms of area, shape, rectangularity and distance similarities. This results in the extraction of straight and perpendicular patterns using the similarity index and orientation difference criteria. Second, a refinement strategy is proposed, which refines the extracted patterns using a novel definition of the pattern interaction index. To evaluate the proposed model, the complete building group generalization process is implemented using a data-set at 1:25 k scale. The evaluation results allowed us to conclude that the proposed model produces meaningful results, and therefore it would be beneficial in the generalization process

A new model combining building block displacement and building block area reduction for resolving spatial conflicts

Applying pre-processing and geometric transformation, for the generalization of building blocks, can lead to spatial conflicts which are mainly resolved by displacement. However, the conflicts may not be resolved, due to the insufficient space for displacement or the existence of other objects that prevent displacement. This article proposes a novel model combining building block displacement and building block area reduction for resolving spatial conflicts. In this model, first the immune genetic algorithm with improved objective function, with the goal of minimizing the total conflicting area, is used for displacement. Second, a building block area reduction model is applied to reduce the area of the unresolved conflicting building blocks. For this, a building segment partitioning model is developed for partitioning the boundaries of conflicting building blocks. Then, the conflicting segments are locally simplified for more adaptation to the initial generalized ones. We generalized two datasets from scale 1:25 to 1:50k and then used the datasets with scale 1:50k to assess the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model has improved the correctness and completeness by 3.62 and 4.24% for dataset 1 and 5.67 and 7.92% for dataset 2, respectively, compared to one of the recent models for resolving conflicts

Relationship between Social Capital, Psychological Well-Being, and Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Background and purpose: Social capital is one of the factors affecting the health of diabetic patients which will also affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social capital, psychological well-being, and quality of life in diabetes patients. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 275 diabetic patients attending Qaemshahr Razi Hospital in north of Iran. They were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic checklist, the Social Capital Questionnaire (SCQ), Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL), and World Health Organization Well-Being Index. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22. Results: The mean values for social capital, psychological well-being, and quality of life were 103.74 ± 19.56, 13.19 ± 5.47, and 43.59 ± 7.2, respectively. The study showed that social capital was positively and significantly associated with psychological well-being and quality of life (P<0.05). In this study, psychological well-being, social capital, more children, and higher educational backgrounds explained 34% of the variance in quality of life of diabetic patients. Conclusion: Appropriate interventions on psychological well-being and social capital are needed to improve the quality of life of diabetes patients

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postural Abnormalities in Male Students of Tehran Universities: A Cross-sectional Study

Purpose: Postural abnormalities, such as forward head posture (FHP), posterior kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis, can lead to discomfort and health problems. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of these abnormalities and their association with age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity among male students of Tehran universities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students of Tehran University of Medical Science to evaluate the relationship between postural abnormalities and associated factors. Participants’ demographic data and physical activity levels were collected using questionnaires, and spinal curvature was assessed using a spinal mouse device and photogrammetry. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software, version 22, and a Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between variables. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of postural abnormalities, with FHP being the most prevalent (84.5%), followed by lumbar lordosis (79.8%), and posterior kyphosis (34.7%). Factors, such as age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and physical activity were significantly associated with the occurrence of postural abnormalities. Conclusion: A study on male university students showed that FHP, posterior kyphosis, and lordosis are common postural abnormalities with varying degrees of occurrence. FHP was the most prevalent type of abnormality. Age and BMI were correlated with the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and kyphosis was more common among younger students. BMI was also significantly related to the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and physical activity was associated with the prevalence of FHP

A Comprehensive Review on Present and Future of Pharmacotherapy of Vitiligo Disease and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

Background: Vitiligo is a non-congenital skin disease caused by the vanishing of pigment cells from the epidermis. This disease is characterized by white patches, which are mostly spread in a symmetrical manner. The absence of melanin pigments makes the lesional skin increasingly sensitive to sunburn. Vitiligo can damage the beauty of skin and, being a trashing condition, predispose to psychological diseases. It happens in roughly 0.5% of the population around the world and equally in both men and women. The etiopathology of vitiligo remains unknown; however, it may involve hereditary factors, autoimmunity, neurological diseases, poisonous metabolites, and impaired melanocyte development. Different treatments such as herbal treatment, surgery and new drug delivery systems for vitiligo have been proposed. Purpose: This review is going to deal with all the previously mentioned diseases with vitiligo pathogenesis, disorders related to treatment of vitiligo and modeling this skin disorder in laboratory. Method: Studies focusing on the pharmacotherapy of vitiligo disease and various medical treatments have been collected and summarized from 1992 until 2019. Results: This article provides reader with comprehensive and practical information about Vitiligo Disease, As the reader does not need to read several different sources to gather information about this disease. Conclusion: We mentioned new ideas and new methods to simulate the disease in laboratory in order to encourage scientists to pay more attention to this disease and do more clinical and laboratory research on finding new treatment of the disease