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Not AvailableVirus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) generated by the host RNA silencing mechanism are effectors of plant’s defense response and act by targeting the viral RNA and DNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways, respectively. Contrarily, viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) compromise the host RNA silencing pathways and also cause disease-associated symptoms. In this backdrop, reports describing the modulation of plant gene(s) expression by vsiRNAs via sequence complementarity between viral small RNAs (sRNAs) and host mRNAs have emerged. In some cases, silencing of host mRNAs by vsiRNAs has been implicated to cause characteristic symptoms of the viral diseases. Similarly, viroid infection results in generation of sRNAs, originating from viroid genomic RNAs, that potentially target host mRNAs causing typical disease-associated symptoms. Pathogen-derived sRNAs have been demonstrated to have the propensity to target wide range of genes including host defense-related genes, genes involved in flowering and reproductive pathways. Recent evidence indicates that vsiRNAs inhibit host RNA silencing to promote viral infection by acting as decoy sRNAs. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if the silencing of host transcripts by viral genome-derived sRNAs are inadvertent effects due to fortuitous pairing between vsiRNA and host mRNA or the result of genuine counterdefense strategy employed by viruses to enhance its survival inside the plant cell. In this review, we analyze the instances of such cross reaction between pathogen-derived vsiRNAs and host mRNAs and discuss the molecular insights regarding the process of pathogenesis.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIris yellow spot, caused by Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus (IYSV) (Genus: Orthotospovirus, Family: Tospoviridae), is an important disease of Allium spp. The complete N gene sequences of 142 IYSV isolates of curated sequence data from GenBank were used to determine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern. In silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, codon-based maximum likelihood studies, genetic differentiation and gene flow within the populations of IYSV genotypes were investigated. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was carried out to estimate the evolutionary rate. In silico RFLP analysis of N gene sequences categorized IYSV isolates into two major genotypes viz., IYSV Netherlands (IYSVNL; 55.63%), IYSV Brazil (IYSVBR; 38.73%) and the rest fell in neither group [IYSV other (IYSVother; 5.63%)]. Phylogenetic tree largely corroborated the results of RFLP analysis and the IYSV genotypes clustered into IYSVNL and IYSVBR genotypes. Genetic diversity test revealed IYSVother to be more diverse than IYSVNL and IYSVBR. IYSVNL and IYSVBR genotypes are under purifying selection and population expansion, whereas IYSVother showed decreasing population size and hence appear to be under balancing selection. IYSVBR is least differentiated from IYSVother compared to IYSVNL genotype based on nucleotide diversity. Three putative recombinant events were found in the N gene of IYSV isolates based on RDP analysis, however RAT substantiated two among them. The marginal likelihood mean substitution rate was 5.08×10-5 subs/site/year and 95% highest posterior density (HPD) substitution rate between 5.11×10-5–5.06×10-5. Findings suggest that IYSV continues to evolve using population expansion strategies. The substitution rates identified are similar to other plant RNA viruses.Not Availabl

Characterization of Citrus tristeza virus isolates from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) accessions of Citrus Active Germplasm Bank Caracterização de isolados do vírus da tristeza dos citros de acessos de pomelos (Citrus paradisi Macf.) do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Citros

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates from 35 grapefruit accessions belonging to Citrus Active Germplasm Bank of the "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" located at the "Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira", Cordeirópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil, were characterized and evaluated through symptoms in the trees, biological indexing, immunological diagnosis with different monoclonal antibodies and SSCP analysis (single-strand conformation polymorphism) of the coat protein gene. Symptomatology indicated that, in general, the group of plants with smaller canopy volume and severe stem pitting differed significantly from the group that presented greater vegetative development and mild to moderate stem pitting. However, the isolates from most of the accessions induced mild reaction on Mexican lime. The serological evaluation through the DAS-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies did not reveal any association between virus titer in the plant tissue and symptoms. The reaction with different monoclonal antibodies and the distinct electrophoresis patterns obtained through SSCP showed that there is a high degree of diversity among the isolates that infect these grapefruit accessions. High complexity within the same isolate was also observed in the SSCP profiles. This finding indicates that the CTV isolates from these plants are a complex mixture of CTV haplotypes. Similar SSCP banding patterns were observed among some plants with strong stem pitting symptoms, and among some plants with weak or moderate stem pitting symptoms.<br>Isolados do vírus da tristeza dos citros (CTV) de 35 acessos de pomelos que fazem parte do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Citros, localizado no Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brasil, pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), foram caracterizados através dos sintomas observados nas árvores, indexação biológica, diagnóstico imunológico e análise SSCP (polimorfismo de conformação de fita simples) do gene da proteína do capsídeo. O grupo de plantas que, em geral, apresentou menor volume de copa e severo sintoma de canelura diferenciou-se significativamente do grupo com maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e fraco a moderado sintoma de canelura. No entanto, a maioria dos isolados de CTV das plantas de ambos os grupos induziu fraca reação em limão galego e nenhuma relação entre títulos do vírus nos tecidos e sintomatologia foi observada na avaliação sorológica conduzida por DAS-ELISA. A reação com diferentes anticorpos monoclonais e os distintos padrões eletroforéticos obtidos por SSCP demonstraram que há uma grande diversidade entre os isolados de CTV que infectam os acessos de pomelos. Alta complexidade de bandas dentro de um mesmo isolado foi também observada nos perfis SSCP, demonstrando que cada isolado é constituído por uma mistura de diferentes haplótipos de CTV. Padrões SSCP semelhantes foram observados entre algumas plantas com fortes sintomas de caneluras e entre algumas plantas com sintomas fracos ou moderados de caneluras