Energetic electron transport in the presence of magnetic perturbations in magnetically confined plasmas

The transport of energetic electrons is sensitive to magnetic perturbations. By using 3D numerical simulation of test particle drift orbits we show that the transport of untrapped electrons through an open region with magnetic perturbations cannot be described by a diffusive process. Based on our test particle simulations, we propose a model that leads to an exponential loss of particles.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Plasma Physics (Energetic Electrons special issue

Cooperation and exclusion: An explorative analysis of collaborative networks of hungarian disability organizations

In this paper we present the results of analysis into the collaboration network of disability organizations in Hungary using survey and social network research methods. The aim was to compare Hungarian and international cases regarding cooperation between disability organizations. Consequently, we tried to find answers to the following questions: (1) what types of organizations are disability organizations in contact with? (2) what influences selection of partner organizations? (3) in what areas? (4) how often? and, (5) under what form do these organizations cooperate with each other? Results showed that all forms of cooperation are considered advantageous. By analyzing specific name-generated cooperation networks we also found that the larger, national organizations have a dominant role in applications and project implementation arrangements

The effect of antifungal resistance development on the virulence of Candida species

In recent years, the relevance of diseases associated with fungal pathogens increased worldwide. Members of the Candida genus are responsible for the greatest number of fungal bloodstream infections every year. Epidemiological data consistently indicate a modest shift toward non-albicans species, albeit Candidaalbicans is still the most recognizable species within the genus. As a result, the number of clinically relevant pathogens has increased, and, despite their distinct pathogenicity features, the applicable antifungal agents remained the same. For bloodstream infections, only three classes of drugs are routinely used, namely polyenes, azoles and echinocandins. Antifungal resistance toward all three antifungal drug classes frequently occurs in clinical settings. Compared with the broad range of literature on virulence and antifungal resistance of Candida species separately, only a small portion of studies examined the effect of resistance on virulence. These studies found that resistance to polyenes and echinocandins concluded in significant decrease in the virulence in different Candida species. Meanwhile, in some cases, resistance to azole type antifungals resulted in increased virulence depending on the species and isolates. These findings underline the importance of studies aiming to dissect the connections of virulence and resistance in Candida species

Analysis of Aristolochlic Acids and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aristolochia clematitis L.

Introduction: Several Aristolochia species were used as medicinal herb across Europe and in recent years, their antimicrobial activity has also been investigated. Materials and methods: In this study, A. clematitis was selected to evaluate the aristolochic acids I and II (AA I and AA II) concentrations and the antimicrobial activity of methanol, hexane, butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of the root, stem, leaf, root, and fruit. AA I and AA II contents were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method. Results: Each fraction of the plant contained AA I and AA II and the root was found to have the highest contents of AA I (1.09%) and AA II (0.7454%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of all extracts were determined by standard microdilution method. The fruit’s extracts showed the most efficient antimicrobial effect against both methicillin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Conclusion: Correlation between the AA I and AA II concentrations and the antimicrobial effect was not found