Quality of hydro-alcoholic products used in Senegal: pilot study

Antisepsis and disinfection have always played an important role in the fight against infectious diseases. The use of these products has been effective in breaking the chain of transmission of microorganisms. Today, with the advent of COVID-19, the main recommendations are, among other things, physical distance and the use of antiseptic products, including hydro-alcoholic products. In Senegal, with poor regulations on the acquisition and distribution of antiseptics and disinfectants, this situation has led to a proliferation of antiseptics and disinfectants on the national market. this work aimed to study the quality of hydroalcoholic products found in the trade. We evaluated ten samples of hydro-alcohol products collected during the month of March 2020. Physical and microbiological controls were performed at the National Drug Control Laboratory. The alcohol content of the samples ranged from 63 to 85% and were consistent with WHO recommendations except for samples E3 and E5. The pH values varied between 4.02 and 6.64 and the densities of the hydro-alcoholic gel samples ranged from 0.84 to 0.92 g/cm3; E2, E4, E5, E6 samples had densities greater than 0.89 g/cm3. The samples of hydro-alcoholic products all conformed to the sterility test and no microbiological contamination was observed. Antimicrobial activities of the hydro-alcoholic samples tested ranged from 58.3 to 100% with two samples showing no activity (E2 and E5). In view of the results of this study, it would be relevant to expand and deepen investigations by a significant increase in the number of samples and by carrying out as complete an analysis as possible

Diversité et Occurrence des Ravageurs dans les Agroécosystèmes Maraîchers en Basse Casamance, Sénégal

Les arthropodes ravageurs des cultures constituent une menace permanente pour la production horticole. La plupart des familles d’arthropode sont très mal connues dans la zone agroécologique de la Casamance car peu de travaux de recherches ont été effectués. Une meilleure connaissance des ravageurs facilite le choix des stratégies de lutte. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’occurrence et la diversité spécifique des ravageurs associés aux cultures maraîchères. Une étude a été menée sur 144 parcelles situées dans trois localités de la zone agroécologique de la Casamance. L’inventaire des arthropodes ravageurs des cultures a été effectué dans les périmètres maraîchers. Des indices écologiques sont calculés pour évaluer diversité des ravageurs. Un nombre de 4882 spécimens de ravageurs dont 65 espèces réparties dans sept ordres et 28 familles sont collectés sur 17 plantes hôtes. Quatre ordres de ravageurs attaquent la moitié des plantes hôtes échantillonnées. Un total de 51 espèces a une présence de 100%. La diversité des ravageurs est plus élevée à Oussouye alors que l’abondance est plus élevée à Ziguinchor. La connaissance de la diversité et de la distribution des ravageurs facilitent la mise en place de stratégies alternatives de lutte en vue de préserver la filière maraîchère. Arthropod pests of crops are a permanent threat to horticultural production. Most arthropod families are poorly known in the Casamance agroecological zone because little research has been done. A better knowledge of the pests facilitates the choice of control strategies. The objective of this study is to determine the occurrence and specific diversity of pests associated with crops. A study was conducted on 144 plots located in three localities of the Casamance agroecological zone. The inventory of crop pests were carried out in the market gardens. Ecological indices were calculated to assess pest diversity. A total of 4882 pest specimens including 65 species in seven orders and 28 families were collected from 17 host plants. Four orders of pests attacked half of the sampled host plants. A total of 51 species have a 100% occurrence. Pest diversity is higher in Oussouye, while abundance is higher in Ziguinchor. Knowledge of the diversity and distribution of pests facilitates the development of alternative control strategies to preserve the market gardening sector

Epidemiology and Burden of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Pediatric Hospital in Senegal

International audienceContext Severe bacterial infections are not considered as a leading cause of death in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The worldwide emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) could change the paradigm, especially in neo-nates who are at high risk of developing healthcare-associated infections. Objective To evaluate the epidemiology and the burden of ESBL-E bloodstream infections (BSI). Methods A case-case-control study was conducted in patients admitted in a pediatric hospital during two consecutive years. Cases were patients with Enterobacteriaceae BSI and included ESBL-positive (cases 1) and ESBL-negative BSI (cases 2). Controls were patients with no BSI. Multivariate analysis using a stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for ESBL acquisition and for fatal outcomes. A multistate model was used to estimate the excess length of hospital stay (LOS) attributable to ESBL production while accounting for time of infection. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to assess the independent effect of ESBL-positive and negative BSI on LOS.ResultsThe incidence rate of ESBL-E BSI was of 1.52 cases/1000 patient-days (95% CI: 1.2–5.6 cases per 1000 patient-days). Multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for ESBL-BSI acquisition were related to underlying comorbidities (sickle cell disease OR = 3.1 (95%CI: 2.3–4.9), malnutrition OR = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.7–2.6)) and invasive procedures (mechanical ventilation OR = 3.5 (95%CI: 2.7–5.3)). Neonates were also identified to be at risk for ESBL-E BSI. Inadequate initial antibiotic therapy was more frequent in ESBL-positive BSI than ESBL-negative BSI (94.2% versus 5.7%, p<0.0001). ESBL-positive BSI was associated with higher case-fatality rate than ESBL-negative BSI (54.8% versus 15.4%, p<0.001). Multistate modelling indicated an excess LOS attributable to ESBL production of 4.3 days. The adjusted end-of-LOS hazard ratio for ESBL-positive BSI was 0.07 (95%CI, 0.04–0.12).ConclusionControl of ESBL-E spread is an emergency in pediatric populations and could be achieved with simple cost-effective measures such as hand hygiene, proper management of excreta and better stewardship of antibiotic use, especially for empirical therapy

Study of the antioxidant potential, polyphenol content, and mineral composition of Cordyla pinnata, a plant for food and medicinal use of the Senegalese pharmacopoeia

Oxidative stress, caused by reactive oxygen species, is known to cause oxidation of biomolecules, leading to cell damage and oxidation of important enzymes, resulting in an unstable pathophysiological state. The antioxidant capacity of leaves, stems, and roots of Cordyla pinnata was determined by measuring the inhibition of the absorbance of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals by spectrophotometry. The polyphenol contents were determined with the same technique. The mineral contents were evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry. The strongest inhibition of the DPPH radical after that of the control antioxidant (IC50 = 0.014 mg/mL) was obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf hydroethanolic extract (IC50 = 0.201 mg/mL). For ABTS, the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem extract was more active (IC50 = 0.884×10-3 mg/mL) than the other extracts and ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.915×10-3 mg/mL). The polyphenol content of the leaves, stems and roots extracts is between 66.33 and 142.67; 55.33 and 69.33; 67.67 and 116.00 EAT/g of dry extract, respectively. The contents of Fe, Na, Zn, K, Mg, and Ca are 0.0005, 0.0006, 0.0020, 0.0897, 0.0247, and 0.0273% for leaves, respectively. They are 0.0001, 0.0010, 0.0015, 0.0557, 0.0131, and 0.1357% for the stems, respectively. The mineral contents of the roots in the same order are 0.0002, 0.0013, 0.0013, 0.0140, 0.0096, and 0.0267%. Strong inhibition of free radicals and the chemical composition of various plant materials would justify the use of C. pinnata in the management of certain pathologies and nutritional deficiencies

Infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae: clinical and economic impact in patients hospitalized in 2 teaching hospitals in Dakar, Senegal

International audienceBackground: Infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are of major concern in clinical practice because of limited therapeutic options effective to treat them. Published studies showed that ESBL-E, widely spread in Europe, United States or Asia; are also frequent in Africa. However, the impact of ESBL-E infections is yet to be adequately determined in Sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in Senegal. The aim of our study was to estimate the incidence rate of ESBL-E infections and to assess their clinical and economic impact in Senegal. Methods: Two retrospective cohort studies were conducted in patients hospitalized from April to October 2012. A classic retrospective cohort study comparing patients infected by an Enterobacteriaceae producer of ESBL (ESBL+) and patients infected by an Enterobacteriaceae non-producer of ESBL (ESBL-) was carried out for fatal outcomes. Besides, a retrospective parallel cohort study comparing infected patients by an ESBL+ and ESBL-versus uninfected patients was carried out for the excess LOS analyses. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for fatal outcomes. A multistate model and a cost-of-illness analysis were used to estimate respectively the excess length of stay (LOS) attributable to ESBL production and costs associated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the independent effect of ESBL+ and ESBL-infections on LOS. Results: The incidence rate of ESBL-E infections was 3 cases/1000 patient-days (95 % CI: 2.4–3.5 cases/1000 patient-days). Case fatality rate was higher in ESBL+ than in ESBL-infections (47.3 % versus 22.4 %, p = 0.0006). Multivariable analysis indicated that risk factors for fatal outcomes were the production of ESBL (OR = 5.7, 95 % CI: 3.2–29.6, p = 0.015) or being under mechanical ventilation (OR = 5.6, 95 % CI: 2.9–57.5, p = 0.030). Newborns and patients suffering from meningitidis or cancer were patients at-risk for fatal outcomes. ESBL production increased hospital LOS (+4 days) and reduced significantly the hazard of discharge after controlling for confounders (HR = 0.3, 95 % CI:0.2–0.4). The additional cost associated with ESBL-production of €100 is substantial given the lower-middle-income status of Senegal. Conclusion: Our findings show an important clinical and economic impact of ESBL-E infections in Senegal and emphasize the need to implement adequate infection control measures to reduce their incidence rate. An antibiotic stewardship program is also crucial to preserve the effectiveness of our last-resort antibiotic drugs

Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante et quantification des polyphénols totaux d’extraits de feuilles et de racines de Jatropha chevalieri (Euphorbiaceae)

Objectif:&nbsp;La présente étude avait pour objectif la mise en évidence de la capacité antioxydante et de la teneur en polyphénols totaux des extraits de feuilles et de racines de Jatropha chevalieri. Méthodologie: L’activité antioxydante des extraits bruts et de leurs fractions a été évaluée par des méthodes de piégeage du 2,2-diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH) et de l’acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS) à l’aide de la spectrophotométrie moléculaire. La teneur en polyphénols totaux a été déterminée par la méthode universelle Folin-Ciocalteu. Résultats: Les concentrations des extraits et fractions permettant d’obtenir un pourcentage d’inhibition de 50% (CI50) sont comprises entre (0,115±0,002) et (1,516±0,065) mg/mL pour le piégeage du DPPH. Elles sont comprises entre (7,740±0,895) et (72,020±11,028) x10-3 mg/mL pour le piégeage de l’ABTS. L’acide ascorbique, utilisé comme témoin, a présenté des CI50 de (0,0140±0,0002) et de (0,920±0,017) x10-3 mg/mL, respectivement pour le DPPH et l’ABTS. Les teneurs en polyphénols totaux sont comprises entre (42,67±6,51) et (147,67±21,08) mg EAT/g d’extrait pour les feuilles. Pour les racines, elles varient de (22,33±12,10) à (36,33±10,78) mg EAT/g d’extrait suivant la nature de l’extrait. Conclusion: Ces résultats décrivent une forte activité antioxydante des extraits de feuilles et de racines de Jatropha chevalieri. Mots clés: Jatropha chevalieri, activité antioxydante, Teneur en polyphénols, Spectrométrie UV-visible English Title: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and quantification of total polyphenols from extracts from leaves and roots of Jatropha chevalieri(Euphorbiaceae) English Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the antioxidant capacity and the total polyphenols content of extracts of leaves and roots from Jatropha chevalieri. Methodology: The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts and their fractions were evaluated by scavenging methods 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) using molecular spectrophotometry. The content of total polyphenols was determined by the universal Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The concentrations of the extracts and fractions allowing to obtain a percentage inhibition of 50% (IC50) are between (0.115±0.002) mg/mL and (1.516±0.065) mg/mL with DPPH. They are between (7.740±0.895) and (72.020±11.028) x10-3 mg/mL with ABTS. Ascorbic acid, used as a control, showed IC50 of (0.0140 ± 0.0002) and (0.920± 0.017) x10-3 mg/mL, respectively for DPPH and ABTS. The total polyphenols content is between (42.67±6.51) and (147.67±21.08) mg EAT/g of extract for the leaves. For the roots, it varies from (22.33±12.10) to (36.33±10.78) mg EAT/g of extract depending on the nature of the extract. Conclusion: These results describe a strong antioxidant activity of the extracts of leaves and roots of Jatropha chevalieri. Keywords: Jatropha chevalieri, antioxidant activity, Polyphenol content, UV-visible spectrometr

Caractérisation phytochimique et étude de l’activité antimicrobienne d’extraits de feuilles de trois plantes de la flore sénégalaise : Detarium senegalense, Detarium microcarpum et Piliostigma reticulatum

Detarium senegalense, Detarium microcarpum et Piliostigma reticulatum sont trois plantes de la flore sénégalaise, utilisées en médecine traditionnelle pour la prise en charge de maladies infectieuses. Cette étude visait à déterminer in vitro l’activité antimicrobienne d’extraits et de fractions de feuilles de ces plantes sur différentes souches (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus et Candida albicans). Les méthodes de diffusion en milieu solide et de dilution en milieu liquide ont été utilisées pour la détermination des Diamètres d’Inhibition (DI) et des Concentrations Minimales Inhibitrices (CMI). Le screening phytochimique a été réalisé par des tests de caractérisation reposant sur des réactions physico-chimiques et par chromatographie sur couche mince. Sur l’ensemble des échantillons testés, seule la fraction dichlorométhanique de P. reticulatum était inactive sur les souches bactériennes étudiées. Les DI variaient entre 10 et 23 mm pour les échantillons actifs. Les CMI étaient comprises entre 0,0293 et 2,50 mg/mL. Les fractions d’acétate d’éthyle étaient les plus actives. Les familles de molécules suivantes ont été identifiées : tanins, flavonoïdes et saponosides. Les teneurs en polyphénols totaux variaient de 0,66 à 19 mg équivalent acide tannique/g. Cette étude a montré que les extraits des trois plantes sont dotés d’un fort pouvoir antimicrobien et contiennent plusieurs familles de composés chimiques

Factors associated with ESBL-E BSI: results of univariate analyses comparing ESBL-positive BSI with ESBL-negative BSI (model 1) and ESBL-positive BSI with control-patients (model 2).

<p>Factors associated with ESBL-E BSI: results of univariate analyses comparing ESBL-positive BSI with ESBL-negative BSI (model 1) and ESBL-positive BSI with control-patients (model 2).</p

Flow diagram of study patients’ selection.

<p>(1): Strains associated with community-acquired BSI: <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (21), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (</i>2), <i>Staphylococcus spp</i> (6), <i>Streptococcus spp (3)</i>. (2): Strains associated with hospital-acquired BSI: <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (6), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (22), <i>Streptococcus</i> spp (3).</p

Proportion of ESBL producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> among hospital-acquired BSI (n = 110 patients).

<p>Proportion of ESBL producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> among hospital-acquired BSI (n = 110 patients).</p