5 research outputs found

    Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean

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    This paper presents the earliest evidence for the exploitation of lignite (brown coal) in Europe and sheds new light on the use of combustion fuel sources in the 2nd millennium BCE Eastern Mediterranean. We applied Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Polarizing Microscopy to the dental calculus of 67 individuals and we identified clear evidence for combustion markers embedded within this calculus. In contrast to the scant evidence for combustion markers within the calculus samples from Egypt, all other individuals show the inhalation of smoke from fires burning wood identified as Pinaceae, in addition to hardwood, such as oak and olive, and/ or dung. Importantly, individuals from the Palatial Period at the Mycenaean citadel of Tiryns and the Cretan harbour site of Chania also show the inhalation of fire-smoke from lignite, consistent with the chemical signature of sources in the northwestern Peloponnese and Western Crete respectively. This first evidence for lignite exploitation was likely connected to and at the same time enabled Late Bronze Age Aegean metal and pottery production, significantly by both male and female individuals

    Der lange Schatten der Palastzeit. Die nördliche Unterstadt von Tiryns: ein Großbauprojekt palast- und nachpalastzeitlicher Entscheidungsträger

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    Die mit den Kampagnen 2017 und 2018 abgeschlossene deutsch-griechische Ausgrabung in der nordwestlichen Unterstadt von Tiryns hat neue Erkenntnisse zum Wandel von Kultur und Umwelt in der mykenischen Palast- und Nachpalastzeit erbracht. Geoarchäologisch-sedimentologische Untersuchungen widerlegen die These einer Ăśberschwemmungskatastrophe als Auslöser der bekannten Flussumleitung der späten mykenischen Palastzeit. Die nördlich der Akropolis vorliegenden fluvialen Sedimente wurden nicht auf einmal, sondern bei bis zu 150 Hochwasserereignissen zwischen der Mitte des 14. Jhs. v. Chr. und dem Ende des 13. Jhs. v. Chr. allmählich akkumuliert. Der Nachweis einer ausgedehnten Planierschicht lässt den Wunsch zur Bebauung des Areals als wichtiges Motiv fĂĽr die Flussumleitung erscheinen, eine Planung, die aber während der Palastzeit nicht mehr verwirklicht werden konnte. In dem unbebauten Areal lieĂźen sich vorĂĽbergehend Kunsthandwerker nieder, die fĂĽr den Palast Möbel aus Holz und Elfenbein sowie andere LuxusgĂĽter herstellten. Die am Beginn von Späthelladisch IIIC FrĂĽh einsetzende Bebauung folgte einem in beiden Bauhorizonten des 12. Jhs. beibehaltenen Bebauungsschema aus rechteckigen Modulen mit gleich ausgerichteten Höfen und Häusern. Der sorgfältig konzipierte Charakter der so geschaffenen ›Planstadt‹ erweist diese als ein Vermächtnis endpalastzeitlicher Bauplanungen und als das wohl einzige GroĂźbauprojekt, das in SH IIIC in Griechenland verwirklicht wurde. Die Besiedlung der nordwestlichen Unterstadt geriet indes schon nach wenigen Generationen ins Stocken und wurde lange vor dem Ende der mykenischen Zeit aufgegeben.The German-Greek excavations in the Northwestern Lower Town of Tiryns, which were concluded with the campaigns of 2017 and 2018, have led to new insights concerning cultural and environmental change in the Mycenaean palatial and post-palatial period. Geoarchaeological and sedimentological investigations disprove the theory that a catastrophic flood prompted the well-known river diversion of during the late Mycenaean palatial period. The fluvial sediments encountered to the north of the acropolis were not deposited all at once, but accumulated gradually in up to 150 flood events between the mid 14th century and the end of the 13th century B.C. Evidence of an extensive levelling layer indicates that the desire to build on the site was an important motive for diverting the river – a plan which then could not be carried out during the palatial period. The undeveloped area was temporarily occupied by artisans who produced furniture of wood and ivory as well as other luxury goods for the palace. Construction at the site started in the beginning of the phase Late Helladic IIIC Early and followed a building plan – maintained in both 12th century building horizons – consisting of rectangular modules with identically aligned courtyards and houses. The carefully conceived character of the thus created town planned from scratch shows that the latter is based on the legacy of final palatial period planning and also probably constitutes the only major construction project that was implemented in Greece in LH IIIC. The inhabitation of the Northwestern Lower Town faltered after a few generations, however, and was abandoned long before the end of the Mycenaean period

    Against the Currents of History. The Northern Lower Town of Tiryns: An Aborted Urbanization Project of the Mycenaean Post-Palatial Period

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    Das 12. Jh. v. Chr. war ein Abschnitt, während dem sich Tiryns gegenläufig zu allen anderen vormaligen mykenischen Palastzentren entwickelte, indem es expandierte, als diese schrumpften oder sogar verlassen wurden. Es gibt, abgesehen von der Oberburg, keinen anderen Siedlungsteil, in dem sich diese außergewöhnliche Dynamik derart klar manifestiert wie in der nördlichen Unterstadt. Ergebnisse eines neuen Forschungsprojekts in der nordwestlichen Unterstadt zeigen, dass dort ab dem frühesten Abschnitt von SH IIIC ein neuer Siedlungsteil entstand, dessen Gründung einen endpalastzeitlichen ›Masterplan‹ zu Ende geführt haben dürfte. Die unmittelbar nach der Zerstörung des Palastes eingeleitete systematische Erschließung der nördlichen Unterstadt scheint schon nach rund zwei Generationen ins Stocken geraten zu sein, was dazu führte, dass ein Prozess der Urbanisierung, der durchaus mit zyprischen Stadtplanungen des 12. Jhs. v. Chr. vergleichbar ist, beendet wurde. Der Zeitabschnitt, in dem Tiryns sich ›gegen den Strom der Geschichte‹ entwickelt hat, scheint damit bereits lange vor dem Ende der mykenischen Nachpalastzeit seinen Zenit überschritten zu haben.The 12th cent. B.C. was a period during which Tiryns developed differently than all other former Mycenaean palatial centers since it expanded, while the latter were shrinking or were even abandoned. Aside from the Upper Citadel, this unusual dynamic is most clearly reflected in the Northern Lower Town. Results of a new research project focusing on the Northwestern Lower Town indicate that, starting with the earliest part of LH IIIC, a new quarter was created whose foundation is likely to have brought a final palatial master plan to a conclusion. It seems that just two generations after the destruction of the palace the systematic development of the Northern Lower Town stalled and eventually was abandoned. In this way, a process of urbanization that bears a certain resemblance to town planning in 12th cent. B.C. Cyprus came to an end. Thus, the period in which Tiryns developed ›against the currents of history‹ seems to have passed its zenith long before the end of the post-palatial period

    Tiryns, Griechenland. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2015 bis 2018

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    This report deals with recent research in the Northwestern Lower Town of Tiryns, built in the early 12th century BC as a new part of the site. It focuses on the cultural and social changes between the late Palatial Period and the older half of the Post-Palatial Period (c. 1220–1130 BC)

    Tiryns, Griechenland: Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2012 bis 2014

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    The research results presented here shed new light on various aspects of the Late Mycenaean community of Tiryns between ca. 1250 and 1150 BC. These roughly hundred years were of crucial significance for the site since they brought along the transformation of the palatial center into one of the most important towns of the early post-palatial period in Greece. The report focuses on four sub-projects that are relevant for this period: (1) the study of wallpaintings of the late palace which were uncovered in excavations since the early 20th century, (2) a paleoseismological investigation of whether the site was indeed destroyed around 1200 BC by an earthquake, (3) a physical anthropological and paleopathological study of skeletons of the late palatial and post-palatial periods encountered since the 1960s in the Lower Citadel and (4) the new excavation in the Northwestern Lower Town which tries to understand the unique phenomenon of the seemingly systematic rebuilding of the area to the north of the citadel in the immediate aftermath of the palatial destruction
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