Explicity and implicity in the context of the category of evaluativeness (based on British sports discourse)

The article deals, firstly, with the phenomena of explicitness and implicitness with regard to the category of evaluativeness, secondly, with the theoretical distinction between explicit evaluation and direct evaluation, implicit evaluation and indirect evaluation. The problem of this distinction is relevant as these terms are often confused and used interchangeably. The research is based on commentaries made by British sports commentators during international figure skating competitions broadcast on British Eurosport Channel in 20052019. The research included two stages: 1) analysis of principal features of explicitness and implicitness based on examples of explicit and implicit evaluation in sports commentaries; 2) comparison of various types of evaluation explicit, implicit, direct, indirect for the purpose of eliminating any terminological ambiguity. According to the research, the notion of explicitness is characterized by clearly marked content and a high degree of meaning specificity. Besides, the meaning of an explicit statement can be deduced from the words composing the statement. The main feature of implicitness, on the contrary, is the occurrence of hidden, implied meanings. Thus, explicit evaluation is a type of evaluation in which evaluative meanings have formal expression and can be easily interpreted by the recipient of the text, whereas implicit evaluation is a type of evaluation meaning which may be comprehended with the help of the context and background information. When contrasting categories of implicitness and indirectness, it was shown that implicitness alongside with explicitness is an important feature of the language. Terms direct and indirect, on the other hand, can be used as a characteristic of ways of transferring meanings. Therefore, explicit evaluation and direct evaluation are not the same terms and indirect evaluation is not always implicit. As a result, three groups of evaluation were formed: 1) explicit direct evaluation; 2) explicit indirect evaluation;3) implicit evaluation which is always expressed indirectly

РЕНТГЕНОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ ПОРОДООБРАЗУЮЩИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ИЗ ОБРАЗЦОВ МАССОЙ 50 и 110 мг

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques have been developed for the determination of major rock forming elements in small mass 50 and 110 mg of rock samples. In order to remove the influence of particle size and mineralogical composition on the results of the analysis, the samples fusion with lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate was used. The metrological parameters of the different procedures of the sample preparation with different fluxes and dilution rates were comparable with the parameters of the routine procedure of sample preparation using 500 mg sample mass. The repeatability of the XRF analysis for the certified reference samples of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and felsic rocks doesn’t exceed the allowable standard deviation for the wide range of contents for all preparation procedures. Certified reference materials of rocks (SDU-1, ST-2, SGD-1, SA-1, GBPg-1, SNS-2, SSn-1, SSV-1, SG-1, SG-2, SG-3, MGL-OShBO and SI-2) were used to obtain the calibration curves. Relative standard deviation for the obtained calibration curves doesn’t exceed the allowed values. The accuracy of the technique was estimated by the comparison of XRF determination results of 10 major rock forming elements with the certified values in CRM MGL-GAS, SGD-2, SKD-1 and SG-4. The relative standard deviation of XRF analysis was 0.4-8.9 % on average, depending on the element, the level of content and the procedure of the sample preparation. It was shown that the developed technique allows us to use the obtained glass beads for further determination of rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis.Keywords: X-ray fluorescence analysis, rocks, major rock forming elements(Russian)   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.009A.A. Amosova1, S.V. Panteeva2, V.V. Tatarinov3, V.M. Chubarov1,A.L. Finkelshtein1 1Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russian Federation2Institute of the Earth’s crust SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russian Federation3Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russian FederationРазработана методика рентгенофлуоресцентного определения основных породообразующих элементов в горных породах из навесок 110 и 50 мг. Рассмотрены способы подготовки образцов горных пород сплавлением с метаборатом, тетраборатом лития и их смесью c добавлением раствора LiBr, обеспечивающие формирование стеклянных дисков размером 10-12 мм, пригодных для измерения на рентгенофлуоресцентном спектрометре S8 Tiger с маской - коллиматором потока флуоресцентного излучения пробы 8 мм. Метрологические характеристики пробоподготовки образцов с различными флюсами и степенями разбавления сопоставимы с характеристиками способа пробоподготовки, оперирующего навеской 500 мг. Оценка воспроизводимости подготовки проб для стандартных образцов горных пород ультраосновного, основного, среднего и кислого состава показала, что предлагаемые способы обеспечивают необходимую точность определения основных породообразующих элементов. Правильность методики подтверждена сравнением результатов рентгенофлуоресцентного определения 10 основных породообразующих элементов в стандартных образцах MGL-GAS, СГД-2, СКД-1 и СГ-4 с аттестованными значениями. Средние квадратические отклонения результатов определений элементов в горных породах для рассмотренных способов подготовки проб не превышают допустимые. Показано, что разработанная методика позволяет использовать полученные излучатели для дальнейшего определения микроэлементов методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой.Ключевые слова: рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ, горные породы, основные породообразующие элементы.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.009

Determination of Rare Earth Elements, Sc, Y, Zr, Ba, Hf and Th in Geological Samples by ICP-MS after Tm Addition and Alkaline Fusion

International audienceWe present a revised method for the determination of concentrations of rare earth (REE) and other trace elements (Y, Sc, Zr, Ba, Hf, Th) in geological samples. Our analytical procedure involves sample digestion using alkaline fusion (NaOH-Na2O2) after addition of a Tm spike, co-precipitation on iron hydroxides, and measurement by sector field-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The procedure was tested successfully for various rock types (i.e., basalt, ultramafic rock, sediment, soil, granite), including rocks with low trace element abundances (sub ng g−1). Results obtained for a series of nine geological reference materials (BIR-1, BCR-2, UB-N, JP-1, AC-E, MA-N, MAG-1, GSMS-2, GSS-4) are in reasonable agreement with published working values

X-ray fluorescence determination of major rock forming elements in small samples 50 and 110 mg

Разработана методика рентгенофлуоресцентного определения основных породообразующих элементов в горных породах из навесок 110 и 50 мг. Рассмотрены способы подготовки образцов горных пород сплавлением с метаборатом, тетраборатом лития и их смесью c добавлением раствора LiBr, обеспечивающие формирование стеклянных дисков размером 10-12 мм, пригодных для измерения на рентгенофлуоресцентном спектрометре S8 Tiger с маской - коллиматором потока флуоресцентного излучения пробы 8 мм. Метрологические характеристики пробоподготовки образцов с различными флюсами и степенями разбавления сопоставимы с характеристиками способа пробоподготовки, оперирующего навеской 500 мг. Оценка воспроизводимости подготовки проб для стандартных образцов горных пород ультраосновного, основного, среднего и кислого состава показала, что предлагаемые способы обеспечивают необходимую точность определения основных породообразующих элементов. Правильность методики подтверждена сравнением результатов рентгенофлуоресцентного определения 10 основных породообразующих элементов в стандартных образцах MGL-GAS, СГД-2, СКД-1 и СГ-4 с аттестованными значениями. Средние квадратические отклонения результатов определений элементов в горных породах для рассмотренных способов подготовки проб не превышают допустимые. Показано, что разработанная методика позволяет использовать полученные излучатели для дальнейшего определения микроэлементов методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой.X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques have been developed for the determination of major rock forming elements in small mass 50 and 110 mg of rock samples. In order to remove the influence of particle size and mineralogical composition on the results of the analysis, the samples fusion with lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate was used. The metrological parameters of the different procedures of the sample preparation with different fluxes and dilution rates were comparable with the parameters of the routine procedure of sample preparation using 500 mg sample mass. The repeatability of the XRF analysis for the certified reference samples of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and felsic rocks doesn’t exceed the allowable standard deviation for the wide range of contents for all preparation procedures. Certified reference materials of rocks (SDU-1, ST-2, SGD-1, SA-1, GBPg-1, SNS-2, SSn-1, SSV-1, SG-1, SG-2, SG-3, MGL-OShBO and SI-2) were used to obtain the calibration curves. Relative standard deviation for the obtained calibration curves doesn’t exceed the allowed values. The accuracy of the technique was estimated by the comparison of XRF determination results of 10 major rock forming elements with the certified values in CRM MGL-GAS, SGD-2, SKD-1 and SG-4. The relative standard deviation of XRF analysis was 0.4-8.9 % on average, depending on the element, the level of content and the procedure of the sample preparation. It was shown that the developed technique allows us to use the obtained glass beads for further determination of rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis

Features of the determination of a number element contents in rock of different composition by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis

Обсуждаются результаты оценки правильности определения содержаний Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Co, Cr, V, Ba, Zn, Ni, Pb и редкоземельных элементов в геологических образцах, полученных из Центральной геологической лаборатории г. Улан-Батора, в том числе, в образцах Международной программы тестирования геоаналитических лабораторий. Результаты определения содержаний элементов получены методами масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой и рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа. Участие в программе позволило оценить качество определения содержаний элементов в исследованных образцах этими методами и признать результаты анализов в большинстве случаев удовлетворительными. Выявлены возможные причины систематических источников погрешности.This paper presents the results of evaluating the accuracy of determination Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Co, Cr, V, Ba, Zn, Ni, Pb and rare earth element contents in geological samples obtained from the Ulaanbaatar Central Geological Laboratory, including samples of the international proficiency testing programme for analytical geochemistry laboratories. The results of the quantitative determination of elements contents were obtained by X-ray fluorescence analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis. Our participation in the programme allows to assess the quality of the determination of trace element contents in geological samples and to recognize the results of XRF and ICP-MS analysis to be satisfactory in most cases. The possible reasons for the systematic source of error are detected

Evolution of the Russian innovation system: Narratives and the impact on economic growth

The Russian innovation system is lagging behind the developed countries in terms of many parameters. In the paper, we identify the specificities and patterns of this system evolution by analysing the narratives of its actors. Methodologically, we take advantage of the synthesis of narrative economics and original institutionalism. The methods include narrative analysis, in-depth interview, and econometric analysis of how sub-indices referencing the innovation inputs and outputs influence the economic growth. The data comes in two types: qualitative ones from 27 in-depth interviews conducted from April to August 2022 and quantitative ones from the Global Innovation Index 2021. Based on a linear regression model with an innovation input and output interaction component we find that despite their proven positive impact on the economic growth, the return on innovation outputs decreases with an increase in inputs which indicates the presence of positive externalities. The research findings demonstrate that the factors “institutions”, “human capital and research”, “infrastructure”, “market and business sophistication” combined into the innovation input sub-index of the Global Innovation Index, are associated with the functioning of increasing return mechanisms in the economy. We identified the following main malfunctions of the Russian innovation system based on a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews: lack of consistency, poor quality of institutions and legislation imperfection, science underfunding along with excessive control, selectivity of the state innovation policy. The results confirm the necessity of studying narratives for gaining a more complete understanding of how and what stable constructions are used by actors to explain the problems related to the formal and informal institutions of the Russian innovation system

Determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K-feldspars in small sample portions by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

Приведены результаты определения Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba и Pb в полевых шпатах из малых навесок массой 50 мг методом рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа с полным внешним отражением (РФА ПВО). Содержания элементов оценили способом внутреннего стандарта. В качестве внутреннего стандарта использовали введенный в пробу стандартный раствор Se, либо элемент Rb, содержания которого в пробе предварительно определены или известны. Правильность определения элементов оценили сопоставлением с содержанием в стандартных образцах гранитоидов и образцах калиевых полевых шпатов.The results of the determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K-feldspars in 50 mg sample obtained by total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) are given. The contents of the elements were evaluated using the internal standard method. As the internal standard the Se solution added in a sample or Rb element the content of which is preliminary determined or known were used. The accuracy of the element determinations was estimated by comparison with the contents in the granitoid Certified Reference Materials, and the K-feldspar samples

Evaluation of the applicability of S2 PICOFOX spectrometer total reflection to an analysis of rocks

Оценена возможность применения рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа с полным внешним отражением (TXRF) для определения содержаний элементов в суспензиях из порошковых геологических образцов. Проведены исследования по выбору материала подложки, на которую наносится проба в форме суспензии, а также оптимальных условий приготовления и измерения излучателей. В качестве подложки выбраны кварцевые отражатели. Для выбранных условий оценены пределы обнаружения следовых и основных элементов в суспензиях образцов горных пород. Выполнен эксперимент по схеме однофакторного дисперсионного анализа для оценки погрешности приготовления излучателей. Проведены теоретические и экспериментальные исследования зависимости интенсивности рассеянного первичного рентгеновского излучения от химического состава и поверхностной плотности пробы. Это даёт возможность моделирования эксперимента в случае TXRF.The applicability of total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) to determine some elements in suspensions of powdered geological samples was evaluated. The studies on the choice of the material for a sample carrier, which the sample in a suspension form is pipetted on, and the optimum conditions for the preparation and measurements of the emitters were carried out. As the sample carrier the quartz sample carriers were chosen. For the chosen measuring conditions the detection limits for a number of trace and major elements in the suspensions of the Certified Reference Materials of rocks were estimated. The experiment was designed according to the one-factor dispersion analysis scheme for the estimation of errors in preparing emitters. Theoretical and experimental investigations the intensity of scattered primary radiation versus the chemical composition and the surface density of the sample were carried out. This allows to pattern the experiment in the case of TXRF